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RETIS – Real-Time Sensitive Wireless Communication Solution for Industrial Control Applications
(2020)
Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) has been always a vital component of many industrial applications. The paper proposes a new wireless URLLC solution called RETIS, which is suitable for factory automation and fast process control applications, where low latency, low jitter, and high data exchange rates are mandatory. In the paper, we describe the communication protocol as well as the hardware structure of the network nodes for implementing the required functionality. Many techniques enabling fast, reliable wireless transmissions are used – short Transmission Time Interval (TTI), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), MIMO, optional duplicated data transfer, Forward Error Correction (FEC), ACK mechanism. Preliminary tests show that reliable end-to-end latency down to 350 μs and packet exchange rate up to 4 kHz can be reached (using quadruple MIMO and standard IEEE 802.15.4 PHY at 250 kbit/s).
Novel manufacturing technologies, such as printed electronics, may enable future applications for the Internet of Everything like large-area sensor devices, disposable security, and identification tags. Printed physically unclonable functions (PUFs) are promising candidates to be embedded as hardware security keys into lightweight identification devices. We investigate hybrid PUFs based on a printed PUF core. The statistics on the intra- and inter-hamming distance distributions indicate a performance suitable for identification purposes. Our evaluations are based on statistical simulations of the PUF core circuit and the thereof generated challenge-response pairs. The analysis shows that hardware-intrinsic security features can be realized with printed lightweight devices.
Für die Prognose von Zeitreihen sind bezüglich der Qualität der Vorhersagen heutzutage neuronale Netze und Deep Learning das Mittel der Wahl. LSTM-Netzwerke etablierten sich dazu als eine gut funktionierende Herangehensweise. 2017 wurde der auf Attention basierende Transformer für die Übersetzung von Sprache vorgestellt. Aufgrund seiner Fähigkeit mit sequenziellen Daten zu arbeiten, ist er auch für Zeitreihenprobleme interessant. Diese wissenschaftliche Arbeit befasst sich mit der Vorhersage von Zeitreihen mit einem Transformer. Es wird analysiert, inwiefern sich ein Transformer für Zeitreihenvorhersagen von einem Transformer für Sprachübersetzungen unterscheidet und wie gut die Vorhersagen im Vergleich zu denen eines LSTM-Netzwerkes abschneiden. Dazu werden ein LSTM- und ein Transformer-Netzwerk auf Luftqualitäts- und Wetterdaten in Berlin trainiert, um den Feinstaubgehalt (PM25) in der Luft vorherzusagen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit einem Benchmark-Modell anhand von Evaluationsmetriken verglichen. Anschließend wird evaluiert, wie die Fehler des Transformers reduziert werden können und wie gut der Transformer generalisiert.
The development of Internet of Things (IoT) embedded devices is proliferating, especially in the smart home automation system. However, the devices unfortunately are imposing overhead on the IoT network. Thus, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) have introduced the IPv6 Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) to provide a solution to this constraint. 6LoWPAN is an Internet Protocol (IP) based communication where it allows each device to connect to the Internet directly. As a result, the power consumption is reduced. However, the limitation of data transmission frame size of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Network’s (RPL’s) had made it to be the running overhead, and thus consequently degrades the performance of the network in terms of Quality of Service (QoS), especially in a large network. Therefore, HRPL was developed to enhance the RPL protocol to minimize redundant retransmission that causes the routing overhead. We introduced the T-Cut Off Delay to set the limit of the delay and the H field to respond to actions taken within the T-Cut Off Delay. Thus, this paper presents the comparison performance assessment of HRPL between simulation and real-world scenarios (6LoWPAN Smart Home System (6LoSH) testbed) in validating the HRPL functionalities. Our results show that HRPL had successfully reduced the routing overhead when implemented in 6LoSH. The observed Control Traffic Overhead (CTO) packet difference between each experiment is 7.1%, and the convergence time is 9.3%. Further research is recommended to be conducted for these metrics: latency, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and throughput.
The Internet of Things (IoT) application has becoming progressively in-demand, most notably for the embedded devices (ED). However, each device has its own difference in computational capabilities, memory usage, and energy resources in connecting to the Internet by using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In order for this to be achievable, the WSNs that form the bulk of the IoT implementation requires a new set of technologies and protocol that would have a defined area, in which it addresses. Thus, IPv6 Low Power Area Network (6LoWPAN) was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a standard network for ED. Nevertheless, the communication between ED and 6LoWPAN requires appropriate routing protocols for it to achieve the efficient Quality of Service (QoS). Among the protocols of 6LoWPAN network, RPL is considered to be the best protocol, however its Energy Consumption (EC) and Routing Overhead (RO) is considerably high when it is implemented in a large network. Therefore, this paper would propose the HRPL to enchance the RPL protocol in reducing the EC and RO. In this study, the researchers would present the performance of RPL and HRPL in terms of EC, Control traffic Overhead (CTO) and latency based on the simulation of the 6LoWPAN network in fixed environment using COOJA simulator. The results show HRPL protocol achieves better performance in all the tested topology in terms of EC and CTO. However, the latency of HRPL only improves in chain topology compared with RPL. We found that further research is required to study the relationship between the latency and the load of packet transmission in order to optimize the EC usage.
Das Messstellenbetriebsgesetz sieht bis 2032 einen Pflichteinbau von modernen Messeinrichtungen bzw. intelligenten Messsystemen bei allen Verbrauchern und Erzeugern vor. Des Weiteren ist die Anbindung von regenerativen Erzeugungsanlagen und steuerbaren Verbrauchern sowie die netzdienliche Steuerung dieser Einrichtungen über das Smart Meter Gateway durch das Messstellenbetriebsgesetz vorgeschrieben. Diese netzdienliche Steuerung wird unter dem Begriff CLS-Management zusammengefasst und muss von allen Netzbetreibern und Messstellenbetreibern künftig umgesetzt werden. Im Rahmen der Bachelorarbeit wurde ein Testaufbau mit einem intelligenten Messsystem inklusive entsprechender Steuereinrichtung aufgebaut, um das CLS-Management an einfachen Schalthandlungen zu erproben. Die daraus gewonnenen Erfahrungen sollen dem Messstellenbetreiber dabei helfen, das Thema in der Wirkumgebung platzieren zu können. Ziel dieses Aufbaus ist es, über die Kommunikationsart LTE eine Schalthandlung an einer Steuerbox in der Rolle des externen Marktteilnehmers vornehmen zu können. Für die Umsetzung wird eine entsprechende Software des Gateway Herstellers zur Verfügung gestellt, um die Versuche außerhalb des zertifizierten Bereiches durch-führen zu können.
Als konkreten Anwendungsfall wird im Rahmen der Thesis die Ablösung der Funkrundsteuertechnik durch das CLS-Management betrachtet. Mit dem Rollout der intelligenten Messsystemen müssen künftig die steuerbaren Verbrauchseinrichtungen und regenerativen Erzeugungsanlagen über das Smart Meter Gateway gesteuert werden können. Dies hat gegenüber der Funkrundsteuertechnik den entscheidenden Vorteil, dass die Informationen über eine gesicherte TLS-Verbindungen übertragen werden und durch einen Rückkanal auch Informationen über das korrekte Ausführung der Schalthandlung beim externen Marktteilnehmer ankommen.
Als weiteren Anwendungsfall wird untersucht, wie über ein Smart Meter Gateway außer Steuersignale auch Energiedaten und Sollwerte von externen Marktteilnehmer an Smart Grid Infrastrukturen übertragen werden können, um diese optimal betreiben zu können. Als Grundlage dient hierfür das Micro Grid am INES der Hochschule Offenburg
Neuromorphic computing systems have demonstrated many advantages for popular classification problems with significantly less computational resources. We present in this paper the design, fabrication and training of a programmable neuromorphic circuit, which is based on printed electrolytegated field-effect transistor (EGFET). Based on printable neuron architecture involving several resistors and one transistor, the proposed circuit can realize multiply-add and activation functions. The functionality of the circuit, i.e. the weights of the neural network, can be set during a post-fabrication step in form of printing resistors to the crossbar. Besides the fabrication of a programmable neuron, we also provide a learning algorithm, tailored to the requirements of the technology and the proposed programmable neuron design, which is verified through simulations. The proposed neuromorphic circuit operates at 5V and occupies 385mm 2 of area.
In many application domains, in particular automotives, guaranteeing a very low failure rate is crucial to meet functional and safety standards. Especially, reliable operation of memory components such as SRAM cells is of essential importance. Due to aggressive technology downscaling, process and runtime variations significantly impact manufacturing yield as well as functionality. For this reason, a thorough memory failure rate assessment is imperative for correct circuit operation and yield improvement. In this regard, Monte Carlo simulations have been used as the conventional method to estimate the variability induced failure rate of memory components. However, Monte Carlo methods become infeasible when estimating rare events such as high-sigma failure rates. To this end, Importance Sampling methods have been proposed which reduce the number of required simulations substantially. However, existing methods still suffer from inaccuracies and high computational efforts, in particular for high-sigma problems. In this paper, we fill this gap by presenting an efficient mixture Importance Sampling approach based on Bayesian optimization, which deploys a surface model of the objective function to find the most probable failure points. Its advantages include constant complexity independent of the dimensions of design space, the potential to find the global extrema, and higher trustworthiness of the estimated failure rate by accurately exploring the design space. The approach is evaluated on a 6T-SRAM cell as well as a master-slave latch based on a 28nm FDSOI process. The results show an improvement in accuracy, resulting in up to 63× better accuracy in estimating failure rates compared to the best state-of-the-art solutions on a 28nm technology node.
Printed electronics (PE) offers flexible, extremely low-cost, and on-demand hardware due to its additive manufacturing process, enabling emerging ultra-low-cost applications, including machine learning applications. However, large feature sizes in PE limit the complexity of a machine learning classifier (e.g., a neural network (NN)) in PE. Stochastic computing Neural Networks (SC-NNs) can reduce area in silicon technologies, but still require complex designs due to unique implementation tradeoffs in PE. In this paper, we propose a printed mixed-signal system, which substitutes complex and power-hungry conventional stochastic computing (SC) components by printed analog designs. The printed mixed-signal SC consumes only 35% of power consumption and requires only 25% of area compared to a conventional 4-bit NN implementation. We also show that the proposed mixed-signal SC-NN provides good accuracy for popular neural network classification problems. We consider this work as an important step towards the realization of printed SC-NN hardware for near-sensor-processing.
Morphological transition of a rod-shaped phase into a string of spherical particles is commonly observed in the microstructures of alloys during solidification (Ratke and Mueller, 2006). This transition phenomenon can be explained by the classic Plateau-Rayleigh theory which was derived for fluid jets based on the surface area minimization principle. The quintessential work of Plateau-Rayleigh considers tiny perturbations (amplitude much less than the radius) to the continuous phase and for large amplitude perturbations, the breakup condition for the rod-shaped phase is still a knotty issue. Here, we present a concise thermodynamic model based on the surface area minimization principle as well as a non-linear stability analysis to generalize Plateau-Rayleigh’s criterion for finite amplitude perturbations. Our results demonstrate a breakup transition from a continuous phase via dispersed particles towards a uniform-radius cylinder, which has not been found previously, but is observed in our phase-field simulations. This new observation is attributed to a geometric constraint, which was overlooked in former studies. We anticipate that our results can provide further insights on microstructures with spherical particles and cylinder-shaped phases.
Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Evaluation einer Simulationssoftware anhand unterschiedlichen Roboterkinematiken sowie einer virtuellen Inbetriebnahme einer speicherprogrammierbaren Steuerung (SPS) mittels OPC-UA-Kommunikation.
Für die Evaluation der Simulationssoftware wurden drei Roboter verschiedener Hersteller, die die gleiche Aufgabe erfüllen, mit der Simulationssoftware Visual Components simuliert und anschließend in einer realen Umgebung getestet. Für die virtuelle Inbetriebnahme einer SPS mittels OPC-UA-Kommunikation wurde eine virtuelle SPS-gesteuerte Roboter-Fertigungslinie implementiert.
Ergebnis dieser Arbeit sind detaillierte Einarbeitung in die Simulationssoftware Visual Components, strukturierte Offline und Online Roboterprogrammierung und somit Auswertung der Simulationssoftware anhand unterschiedlicher Roboterkinematiken. Bewertung des Datenaustauschs (via OPC-UA) zwischen einer SPS und der Simulationssoftware Visual Components.
When designing and installing Indoor Positioning Systems, several interrelated tasks have to be solved to find an optimum placement of the Access Points. For this purpose, a mathematical model for a predefined number of access points indoors is presented. Two iterative algorithms for the minimization of localization error of a mobile object are described. Both algorithms use local search technique and signal level probabilities. Previously registered signal strengths maps were used in computer simulation.
Dementia is a clinical diagnosis reflecting many possible underlying pathologies, for example, vascular dementia and neurodegenerative disorders such as frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body-type disorder or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The breakthrough of 99mtechnetium-labelled perfusion tracers in the 1990s resulted in many SPECT studies of flow changes in AD. In the first decade of 2000, the role of perfusion SPECT was shifted from diagnosis towards differential diagnosis, parallel to the growing attention for diagnosing early stages of dementia. Previously a diagnosis based largely on a process of exclusion, new guidelines have emerged increasingly employing positive criteria to establish the diagnosis, including neuroimaging biomarkers. Nowadays, FDG PET has largely limited the role of perfusion SPECT, although it is still considered a valuable and cost-effective alternative when PET is not available.
Amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) is a high-mobility semiconductor employed in modern thin-film transistors for displays and it is considered as a promising material for Schottky diode-based rectifiers. Properties of the electronic components based on IGZO strongly depend on the manufacturing parameters such as the oxygen partial pressure during IGZO sputtering and post-deposition thermal annealing. In this study, we investigate the combined effect of sputtering conditions of amorphous IGZO (In:Ga:Zn=1:1:1) and post-deposition thermal annealing on the properties of vertical thin-film Pt-IGZO-Cu Schottky diodes, and evaluated the applicability of the fabricated Schottky diodes for low-frequency half-wave rectifier circuits. The change of the oxygen content in the gas mixture from 1.64% to 6.25%, and post-deposition annealing is shown to increase the current rectification ratio from 10 5 to 10 7 at ±1 V, Schottky barrier height from 0.64 eV to 0.75 eV, and the ideality factor from 1.11 to 1.39. Half-wave rectifier circuits based on the fabricated Schottky diodes were simulated using parameters extracted from measured current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics. The half-wave rectifier circuits were realized at 100 kHz and 300 kHz on as-fabricated Schottky diodes with active area of 200 μm × 200 μm, which is relevant for the near-field communication (125 kHz - 134 kHz), and provided the output voltage amplitude of 0.87 V for 2 V supply voltage. The simulation results matched with the measurement data, verifying the model accuracy for circuit level simulation.
Machine Learning als Schlüsseltechnologie für Digitalisierung: Wie funktioniert maschinelles Lernen?
(2019)
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung einer E-Learning Anwendung zum Peer-to-Peer Algorithmus Content Addressable Network (CAN). Ein CAN ist eine verteilte Hashtabelle zur dezentralen Verwaltung von Daten in Form von Schlüssel-Wert Paaren. Zweck der Anwendung ist eine didaktisch sinnvolle Aufbereitung und Darstellung der grundlegenden Abläufe im CAN. Die Anwendung simuliert ein CAN und bietet ein grafisches Interface zur Interaktion. Die Anwendung soll unterstützend im Rahmen des Moduls Advanced Networking im Informatik Master an der Hochschule Offenburg eingesetzt werden.
The Go programming language is an increasingly popular language but some of its features lack a formal investigation. This article explains Go's resolution mechanism for overloaded methods and its support for structural subtyping by means of translation from Featherweight Go to a simple target language. The translation employs a form of dictionary passing known from type classes in Haskell and preserves the dynamic behavior of Featherweight Go programs.
Implementierung und Automatisierung von Performance-Tests aus den Erkenntnissen von Last-Tests
(2021)
Die Website des bayerischen Fußball-Verbandes hatte anfangs Performance Probleme, weshalb es zu Abstürzen der Seite kam. Um das Problem zu lösen wurden Last-Tests eingeführt. Diese können allerdings nicht immer ausgeführt werden, weshalb ein Performance-Test erstellt werden soll. In dieser Arbeit wird das Verhalten von Webservern unter Last analysiert, um einen Performance-Test zu entwickeln.
Um das Verhalten beurteilen zu können, wurden auf einem lokalen Computer Last-Tests ausgeführt und analysiert. Dabei fiel auf, dass die Steigung der Response Time nicht linear ansteigt im Vergleich zu den virtuellen Usern. Die Funktion steigt ab einem gewissen Punkt stark und nähert sich einer Asymptote an. Dieser Punkt ist durch eine Formel berechenbar.
Aus diesen Ergebnissen wurde eine Berechnungsformel entwickelt, die anhand von Messungen die Performance einer Website berechnen kann. Die Formel wurde in ein Testskript integriert, das die Website Ressourcen automatisch scannt und die Messungen ausführt. Der erstellte Test wird zum Schluss ausgeführt und teilweise automatisiert.
Das hier vorgestellte System verbindet das neue Konzept der Peer-to-Peer-Navigation mit dem Einsatz von Augmented Reality zur Unterstützung von bettseitig durchgeführten externen Ventrikeldrainagen. Das sehr kompakte und genaue Gesamtsystem beinhaltet einen Patiententracker mit integrierter Kamera, eine Augmented-Reality-Brille mit Kamera und eine Punktionsnadel bzw. einen Pointer mit zwei Trackern, mit dessen Hilfe die Anatomie des Patienten aufgenommen wird. Die exakte Position und Richtung der Punktionsnadel wird unter Zuhilfenahme der aufgenommenen Landmarken berechnet und über die Augmented-Reality-Brille für den Chirurgen sichtbar auf dem Patienten dargestellt. Die Methode zur Kalibrierung der statischen Transformationen zwischen Patiententracker und daran befestigter Kamera beziehungsweise zwischen den Trackern der Punktionsnadel sind für die Genauigkeit sehr wichtig und werden hier vorgestellt. Das Gesamtsystem konnte in vitro erfolgreich getestet werden und bestätigt den Nutzen eines Peer-to-Peer-Navigationssystems.
Formal Description of Use Cases for Industry 4.0 Maintenance Processes Using Blockchain Technology
(2019)
Maintenance processes in Industry 4.0 applications try to achieve a high degree of quality to reduce the downtime of machinery. The monitoring of executed maintenance activities is challenging as in complex production setups, multiple stakeholders are involved. So, full transparency of the different activities and of the state of the machine can only be supported, if these stakeholders trust each other. Therefore, distributed ledger technologies, like Blockchain, can be promising candidates for supporting such applications. The goal of this paper is a formal description of business and technical interactions between non-trustful stakeholders in the context of Industry 4.0 maintenance processes using distributed ledger technologies. It also covers the integration of smart contracts for automated triggering of activities.