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Export sichert Millionen von Arbeitsplätzen in Deutschland. Auch in anderen Ländern profitieren Menschen von positiven Effekten durch internationale Aktivitäten von Unternehmen. Finanzierung und Risikoabsicherung durch staatliche Exportkreditagenturen spielen dabei eine wesentliche Rolle, wenn der Markt versagt. Dies gilt gerade in Krisenzeiten wie der Covid-19-Pandemie. Regierungen haben mit Coronahilfen für die Exportwirtschaft Außenhandel ermöglicht und dadurch zahlreiche Arbeitsplätze gesichert. Mit einer Vielzahl von Aktivitäten haben unter anderem Dänemark, Deutschland, Polen und Österreich im Jahr 2020 schnell und effizient agiert. Teilweise deutlich erhöhte Finanzmittel, neue Garantieprodukte, verbesserte Finanzierungs- und Versicherungsbedingungen sowie vereinfachte Antragsverfahren waren zentrale Maßnahmen europäischer Regierungen. Gezeigt hat sich, dass auch in der Zukunft eine übergeordnete strategische Ausrichtung, ein gemeinsamer Förderansatz sowie eine wirkungsorientierte Gestaltung von Förderinstitutionen wichtig sind.
Entwicklung und globale Diffusion von zukunftsorientierten Technologien sind zentrale Faktoren für den ökonomischen Erfolg von Volkswirtschaften. Die Digitalisierung der Unternehmen spielt inzwischen eine entscheidende Rolle für das Wirtschaftswachstum eines Landes. Wissensintensive Wirtschaftsbereiche wachsen rasant, und internationale Arbeitsteilung über globale Wertschöpfungsketten sowie ausländische Direktinvestitionen prägen den Alltag vieler Firmen.
As emissions reach record levels, governments must implement and strengthen climate policies for the global pathway to net‐zero emissions by 2050. Climate finance plays a crucial role in the net‐zero transition. It refers to local, national, or transnational financing seeking to support mitigation and adaptation actions that address climate change. Public export–import banks (EXIMs) and government export credit agencies (ECAs) are highly influential actors for climate action. Although there is no consensus among EXIMs and ECAs on how to define climate finance, 20 institutions assessed in this research give evidence that they strongly support climate‐action‐related transactions: EXIM and ECA financing, guarantees, and insurance amounted to EUR 6.7–8.4 billion in 2020, much more than estimated by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). However, the results also reveal that EXIM and ECA lending, guarantee, and insurance activities must rise substantially in order to contribute to climate finance volumes required by 2030 as estimated by CPI. To retain their current proportion relative to other climate finance flows, assessed institutions would need to increase their climate financing 6.8 times to up to EUR 57.4 billion by 2030.
This paper aims to draw attention to an urgent need for reform of the regulatory framework of the broader export credit system to ensure a new and comprehensive "safe haven" for officially supported export credits. The purpose is to analyse the complex debate on disciplines of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), creating a point of reference for future analysis of and debates around the "carve-out clause" of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) and a "safe haven" in a broader sense.
Innovative financing schemes in public management comprise provisions of funds for public expenditure by taxation, user charges, borrowing or other fundraising in a novel way. Scholarly research regarding public finance already appeared in the 16th century, but the role of public funding schemes became much more important in the last decades. Theoretical frameworks are related to political, economic, legal and administrative aspects. Although innovation and public management might be seen as antithetical, there is an emerging practice of innovative financing tools both in highly-industrialised economies and developing countries. Examples for novel mechanisms raising money are green bonds, onshore local currency financing, public private partnerships (PPPs) and resource-financed infrastructure. Public policy tools include innovation financing for digital infrastructure or export credits for trade-driven innovation, often focusing on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including climate action.
Making innovation, trade, investment and environment policy goals mutually supportive creates challenges for internationally‐oriented firms, financial institutions, governments and other stakeholders. Will the Ukraine war derail the green energy transition? How can governments and the financial system work together to broaden, deepen, and accelerate the global transition to net‐zero? What are innovation, trade and investment opportunities for green growth? How to refocus government financing instruments to support countries and trade partners meet their climate targets in times of crisis? The IfTI Global Symposium 2022 hosted by the Institute of Trade and Innovation (IfTI) at Offenburg University discussed challenges to trade in a new global order, as well as opportunities and threats of the green transition. This Special Section brings together practitioner commentaries of key symposium speakers.