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MPC-Workshop Juli 2015
(2015)
Die Vision vom "Internet der Dinge" prägt seit Jahren Forschung und Entwicklung, wenn es um smarte Technologien und die Vernetzung von Geräten geht. In der Zukunft wird die reale Welt zunehmend mit dem Internet verknüpft, wodurch zahlreiche Gegenstände (Dinge) des normalen Alltags dazu befähigt werden, zu interagieren und sowohl online als auch autark zu kommunizieren. Viele Branchen wie Medizin, Automobilbau, Energieversorgung und Unterhaltungselektronik sind gleichermaßen betroffen, wodurch trotz Risiken auch neues wirtschaftliches Potential entsteht. Im Bereich "Connected Home" sind bereits Lösungen vorhanden, mittels intelligenter Vernetzung von Haushaltsgeräten und Sensoren, die Lebensqualität in den eigenen vier Wänden zu erhöhen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thread Protokoll; einer neuen Technologie zur Integration mehrerer Kommunikationsschnittstellen innerhalb eines Netzwerks. Darüber hinaus wird die Implementierung auf Netzwerkebene (Network Layer) vorgestellt, sowie aufbereitete Informationen bezüglich verwendeter Technologien dargestellt.
The status quo of PROFINET, a commonly used industrial Ethernet standard, provides no inherent security in its communication protocols. In this thesis an approach for protecting real-time PROFINET RTC messages against spoofing, tampering and optionally information disclosure is specified and implemented into a real-world prototype setup. Therefor authenticated encryption is used, which relies on symmetric cipher schemes. In addition a procedure to update the used symmetric encryption key in a bumpless manner, e.g. without interrupting the real-time communication, is introduced and realized.
The concept for protecting the PROFINET RTC messages was developed in collaboration with a task group within the security working group of PROFINET International. The author of this thesis has also been part of that task group. This thesis contributes by proofing the practicability of the concept in a real-world prototype setup, which consists of three FPGA-based development boards that communicate with each other to showcase bumpless key updates.
To enable a bumpless key update without disturbing the deterministic real-time traffic by dedicated messages, the key update annunciation and status is embedded into the header. By provisioning two key slots, of which only one is in used, while the other is being prepared, a well-synchronized coordinated switch between the receiver and the sender performs the key update.
The developed prototype setup allows to test the concept and builds the foundation for further research and implementation activities, e.g. the impact of cryptographic operations onto the processing time.
Conceptualization and implementation of automated optimization methods for private 5G networks
(2023)
Today’s companies are adjusting to the new connectivity realities. New applications require more bandwidth, lower latency, and higher reliability as industries become more distributed and autonomous. Private 5th Generation (5G) networks known as 5G Non-Public Networks (5G-NPN), is a novel 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)- based 5G network that can deliver seamless and dedicated wireless access for a particular industrial use case by providing the mentioned application’s requirements. To meet these requirements, several radio-related aspects and network parameters should be considered. In many cases, the behavior of the link connection may vary based on wireless conditions, available network resources, and User Equipment (UE) requirements. Furthermore, Optimizing these networks can be a complex task due to the large number of network parameters and KPIs that need to be considered. For these reasons, traditional solutions and static network configuration are not affordable or simply impossible. Despite the existence of papers in the literature that address several optimization methods for cellular networks in industrial scenarios, more insight into these existing but complex or unknown methods is needed.
In this thesis, a series of optimization methods were implemented to deliver an optimal configuration solution for a 5G private network. To facilitate this implementation, a testing system was implemented. This system enables remote control over the UE and 5G network, establishment of a test environment, extraction of relevant KPI reports from both UE and network sides, assessment of test results and KPIs, and effective utilization of the optimization and sampling techniques.
The research highlights the advantageous aspects of automated testing by using OFAT, Simulated Annealing, and Random Forest Regressor methods. With OFAT, as a common sampling method, a sensitivity analysis and an impact of each single parameter variation on the performance of the network were revealed. With Simulated Annealing, an optimal solution with MSE of roughly 10 was revealed. And, in the Random Forest Regressor, it was seen that this method presented a significant advantage over the simulated annealing method by providing substantial benefits in time efficiency due to its machine- learning capability. Additionally, it was seen that by providing a larger dataset or using some other machine-learning techniques, the solution might be more accurate.
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) bietet eine flexible Möglichkeit zur Authentifizierung von Endgeräten und kann in Kombination mit TLS für eine zertifikatsbasierte Authentifizierung verwendet werden. Motiviert wird diese Arbeit von einer potenziellen Erweiterung für PROFINET, die diese Protokolle einsetzen soll.
Dabei soll eine sicherer EAP-TLS-Protokollstacks für eingebettete Systeme in der Programmiersprache Rust entwickelt werden. Durch das Ownership-System von Rust können Speicherfehler eliminiert werden, ohne dabei auf die positiven Eigenschaften von nativen Sprachen zu verzichten. Es wird ein besonderes Augenmerk auf wie die Verwendung klassischer Rust-Bibliotheken im Umfeld von eingebetteten Systemen, den Einfluss des Speichermodells auf das Design, sowie die Integration von C-Bibliotheken für automatisierte Interoperabilitätstests gelegt.
As the Industry 4.0 is evolving, the previously separated Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) is converging. Connecting devices in the industrial setting to the Internet exposes these systems to a broader spectrum of cyber-attacks. The reason is that since OT does not have much security measures as much as IT, it is more vulnerable from the attacker's perspective. Another factor contributing to the vulnerability of OT is that, when it comes to cybersecurity, industries have focused on protecting information technology and less prioritizing the control systems. The consequences of a security breach in an OT system can be more adverse as it can lead to physical damage, industrial accidents and physical harm to human beings. Hence, for the OT networks, certificate-based authentication is implemented. This involves stages of managing credentials in their communication endpoints. In the previous works of ivESK, a solution was developed for managing credentials. This involves a CANopen-based physical demonstrator where the certificate management processes were developed. The extended feature set involving certificate management will be based on the existing solution. The thesis aims to significantly improve such a solution by addressing two key areas that is enhancing functionality and optimizing real-time performance. Regarding the first goal, firstly, an analysis of the existing feature set shall be carried out, where the correct functionality shall be guaranteed. The limitations from the previously implemented system will be addressed and to make sure it can be applied to real world scenarios, it will be implemented and tested in the physical demonstrator. This will lay a concrete foundation that these certificate management processes can be used in the industries in large-scale networks. Implementation of features like revocation mechanism for certificates, automated renewal of the credentials and authorization attribute checks for the certificate management will be implemented. Regarding the second goal, the impact of credential management processes on the ongoing CANopen real-time traffic shall be a studied. Since in real life scenarios, mission-critical applications like Industrial control systems, medical devices, and transportation networks rely on real-time communication for reliable operation, delays or disruptions caused by credential management processes can have severe consequences. Optimizing these processes is crucial for maintaining system integrity and safety. The effect to minimize the disturbance of the credential management processes on the normal operation of the CANopen network shall be characterized. This shall comprise testing real-time parameters in the network such as CPU load, network load and average delay. Results obtained from each of these tests will be studied.