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Institute
- Fakultät Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik (M+V) (415) (remove)
Open Access
- Open Access (415) (remove)
Für Verkehrsunternehmen stellt die Erprobung neuer Technologien eine große Herausforderung dar.
Sowohl Wasserstoff-Busse als auch Batterie-Busse können ihren Beitrag zur Umstellung des ÖPNV auf emissionsfreie Mobilität leisten. Je nach Anwendungsmuster können sich beide Technologien gut ergänzen und zu einem volkswirtschaftlichen Optimum führen. Es gilt, die Technologien im realen Umfeld zu erproben, um praxisnahe Erfahrung zu sammeln und dabei Mitarbeiter auszubilden, ohne die Qualität des Betriebes zu gefährden. Bei der aktuellen Kostenlage sehen beide Technologien ihre Einführung in den Betrieb mit Mehrkosten im Vergleich zu der aktuellen Diesel-Lösung verbunden.
Bei einer Batterie-basierten Lösung mit Pantograph-Schnellladung sind kürzere Linien gute Kandidaten für eine elektrische Umstellung ohne Auswirkungen auf die Größe der Busflotte. Auch Liniensysteme beliebiger Länge mit Knotenpunkten in regelmäßigen Abständen ermöglichen eine gemeinsame Nutzung der Ladeinfrastruktur und stellen somit reduzierte Aufbaukosten der Ladeinfrastruktur in Aussicht. In diesem Fall sind aber auch Fahrplanmanagement-Aspekte hinsichtlich der Ladezeit am Pantograph mit zu berücksichtigen, die nicht Bestandteil dieser Studie gewesen sind. Allgemein lassen die Kosten-Prognosen für Batterie und Batterie-elektrische Fahrzeuge eine signifikante Kostenreduzierung bis 2030 erkennen, die in manchen Konfigurationen zur Kostenparität und sogar geringeren Kosten als mit der Diesel-Variante führen würde.
Anders als für Batterie-Busse stellt die Linien-Konfiguration keinen wirtschaftlichen Einflussfaktor auf den Betrieb von Wasserstoff-Bussen dar. Die derzeitige Reichweite der H2-Busse reicht aus, um die zu erwartende tägliche Fahrleistung zu decken. Bei der Wasserstoffmobilität sind aber die Versorgungsinfrastruktur und die damit verbundenen Kraftstoffkosten von entscheidender Bedeutung. Ihr Aufbau ist mit hohen Investitionskosten und gesetzlichen Verpflichtungen verbunden (BImSchG, BetrSichV), die für eine erste Erprobung der Technologie im kleinen Maßstab eine Hürde für Verkehrsunternehmen darstellen könnte. Die H2 Mobility Deutschland bietet die Möglichkeit an, 700 bar Tankstellen mit einem 350 bar Modul zu erweitern, das die tägliche Versorgung von ca. 6 Bussen ermöglicht. Mit begrenzten Risiken für die Verkehrsunternehmen bietet es sich daher an, die H2 Mobilität auf eine limitierte Busflotte zu erproben. Da der Aufbau des H2-Mobility Deutschland Tankstellennetzes eine Lücke in Offenburg und Umgebung aufweist, wäre es vorstellbar, an der Errichtung einer solchen Tankstelle zu arbeiten, die die Betankung und Erprobung von Wasserstoff-Bussen ermöglicht. Auf längerer Sicht ist die Sicherstellung einer gut platzierten zuverlässigen und nachhaltigen Wasserstoffquelle von entscheidender Bedeutung. Derzeit liegen vorhandene Wasserstoffquellen in mehr als 100 km Entfernung. Eine Nutzung der Wasserkraft des naheliegenden Rheins erscheint durchaus sinnvoll, sowohl aus wirtschaftlichen als auch aus umwelttechnischen Gründen (erneuerbarer Strom, Stromkostenreduzierung durch Eigenversorgung, kürzere Transportwege, möglicher Nutzen für die Eurometropole Straßburg).
Es lässt sich festhalten, dass für die Region Offenburg zunächst die Erprobung beider Technologien, der Elektromobilität als auch der Wasserstoffmobilität, empfohlen wird. Es sollte zeitnah in den Erfahrungsaufbau in beide Technologien investiert werden. Zudem sollte bei der Elektromobilität das Flottenmanagement untersucht und evaluiert werden und bei der Wasserstoffmobilität die Möglichkeiten der Kooperation für den Aufbau der Wasserstofftankstelle. Im Rahmen der nächsten Ausschreibungsrunde für den öffentlichen Nahverkehr in Offenburg wird empfohlen, diesen emissionsfrei auszuschreiben. Es ist absehbar, dass aus Kostengründen (Kostenparität der Elektromobilität mit der Dieselvariante) als auch aus Gründen der Anforderung bzgl. der Emissionsgrenzwerte der ÖPNV emissionsfrei umgesetzt werden sollte.
Vorgestellt wird ein Konzept zur biologischen Methanisierung von Wasserstoff direkt in Biogasreaktoren, mit dem durch Membranbegasung der Methangehalt des Biogases auf > 96 % erhöht werden kann. Essentiell zum Erreichen solch hoher Methanwerte sind die Einhaltung eines optimalen pH-Bereichs und die Vermeidung von H2-Akkumulation. Im Falle einer Limitierung der Methanbildungsrate durch den eigentlichen anaeroben Abbauprozess der Biomasse ist auch eine externe Zufuhr von CO2 zur weiteren Methanbildung denkbar. Das Verfahren soll weiter optimiert und in einem von der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt geförderten Projekt in der Biogasanlage einer regionalen Käserei in der Praxis getestet werden. Die hier angestrebte Kombination aus dezentraler Abfallverwertung und Eigenenergieerzeugung eines lebensmittelverarbeitenden Betriebs unter Einbindung in ein intelligentes Erneuerbare Energien - Konzept soll einen zusätzlichen Mehrwert liefern.
Durch eine stetige Preissteigerung der fossilen Energieträger werden auch im Bereich der mobilen Arbeitsmaschinen neben einer hohen Zuverlässig u.a. Forderungen nach steigenden Gesamtwirkungsgraden, mit der hierdurch einhergehenden Energieeffizienz, forciert. Auch bei mobilen Arbeitsmaschinen ist der häufig eingeschränkt zur Verfügung stehende Bauraum für Traktionsantriebe eine Herausforderung. Ziel dieser Veröffentlichung ist ein allgemeingültiger Vergleich verschiedener elektrischer Antriebsarten als Traktionsantrieb für mobile Arbeitsmaschinen.
A system for the on-line/in-line measurement of soot particle sizes and concentrations in the undiluted exhaust gas of diesel engines was developed and successfully tested. The unit uses the individual attenuations of three different laser wavelengths and is combined with an optical cell (white principle) with adjustable path lengths from 2.5 to 15 meters.
Time Resolved Measurements of Soot Concentrations and Mean Particle Sizes during EUDC and ECE Cycles
(2002)
Hybrid drives for automotive application are extensively discussed. In contrast, the company HEINZMANN, the University of Karlsruhe and the University of Applied Sciences Offenburg concentrate on hybrid drives for industrial, offroad purposes in a joint project. These applications promise a much higher fuel saving potential, particularly if highly frequent load cycles are present. Hybrid drive systems offer additional advantages including reduced exhaust aftertreatment requirements due to engine downsizing, better engine dynamics, emissions and noise reduction.
The significant market growth of stationary electrical energy storage systems both for private and commercial applications has raised the question of battery lifetime under practical operation conditions. Here, we present a study of two 8 kWh lithium-ion battery (LIB) systems, each equipped with 14 lithium iron phosphate/graphite (LFP) single cells in different cell configurations. One system was based on a standard configuration with cells connected in series, including a cell-balancing system and a 48 V inverter. The other system featured a novel configuration of two stacks with a parallel connection of seven cells each, no cell-balancing system, and a 4 V inverter. The two systems were operated as part of a microgrid both in continuous cycling mode between 30% and 100% state of charge, and in solar-storage mode with day–night cycling. The aging characteristics in terms of capacity loss and internal resistance change in the cells were determined by disassembling the systems for regular checkups and characterizing the individual cells under well-defined laboratory conditions. As a main result, the two systems showed cell-averaged capacity losses of 18.6% and 21.4% for the serial and parallel configurations, respectively, after 2.5 years of operation with 810 (serial operation) and 881 (parallel operation) cumulated equivalent full cycles. This is significantly higher than the aging of a reference single cell cycled under laboratory conditions at 20 °C, which showed a capacity loss of only 10% after 1000 continuous full cycles.
This article presents a comparative experimental study of the electrical, structural and chemical properties of large‐format, 180 Ah prismatic lithium iron phosphate (LFP)/graphite lithium‐ion battery cells from two different manufacturers. These cells are particularly used in the field of stationary energy storage such as home‐storage systems. The investigations include (1) cell‐to‐cell performance assessment, for which a total of 28 cells was tested from each manufacturer, (2) electrical charge/discharge characteristics at different currents and ambient temperatures, (3) internal cell geometries, components, and weight analysis after cell opening, (4) microstructural analysis of the electrodes via light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, (5) chemical analysis of the electrode materials using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and (6) mathematical analysis of the electrode balances. The combined results give a detailed and comparative insight into the cell characteristics, providing essential information needed for system integration. The study also provides complete and self‐consistent parameter sets for the use in cells models needed for performance prediction or state diagnosis.
Im Rahmen eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten Projekts des Instituts für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Freiburg und des Freiburger Materialforschungszentrums entwickelt die Robotikgruppe der Hochschule Offenburg ein robotergestütztes mobiles Messsystem zur spektroskopischen Vermessung von Leichenflecken. Ziel des Gesamtprojekts ist die Charakterisierung von intravitalen und postmortalen Hautveränderungen auf der Basis reflektionsspektrometrischer Messungen an menschlicher Haut durch ein physikalisches Hautmodell. Projektleiter ist Prof. Dr. Michael Bohnert, Institut für Rechtsmedizin Freiburg, der den grundlegenden Anstoß zum Einsatz spektroskopisch aufgelöster Messungen der Färbung von Leichenflecken gab [1]. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum wurde dazu ein Modell für das optische Verhalten der Haut entwickelt [2]. Im Anschluss wurde insbesondere die Reoxygenierung der Leichenflecken bei gekühlter Lagerung untersucht [3]. Der Dokumentation der Messreihen liegt ein elektronisches Laborbuch zugrunde, das von der Servicegruppe Wissenschaftliche Informationsverarbeitung des Materialforschungszentrums entwickelt wurde [4]. Als problematisch erwies es sich, dass sich eine Messreihe über 50 bis 60 Stunden erstreckt und in der Regel nur zweimal täglich Handmessungen durchgeführt werden konnten, die zudem bei Raumtemperatur erfolgen mussten.
Treadmills are essential to the study of human and animal locomotion as well as for applied diagnostics in both sports and medicine. The quantification of relevant biomechanical and physiological variables requires a precise regulation of treadmill belt velocity (TBV). Here, we present a novel method for time-efficient tracking of TBV using standard 3D motion capture technology. Further, we analyzed TBV fluctuations of four different treadmills as seven participants walked and ran at target speeds ranging from 1.0 to 4.5 m/s. Using the novel method, we show that TBV regulation differs between treadmill types, and that certain features of TBV regulation are affected by the subjects’ body mass and their locomotion speed. With higher body mass, the TBV reductions in the braking phase of stance became higher, even though this relationship differed between locomotion speeds and treadmill type (significant body mass × speed × treadmill type interaction). Average belt speeds varied between about 98 and 103% of the target speed. For three of the four treadmills, TBV reduction during the stance phase of running was more intense (> 5% target speed) and occurred earlier (before 50% of stance phase) unlike the typical overground center of mass velocity patterns reported in the literature. Overall, the results of this study emphasize the importance of monitoring TBV during locomotor research and applied diagnostics. We provide a novel method that is freely accessible on Matlab’s file exchange server (“getBeltVelocity.m”) allowing TBV tracking to become standard practice in locomotion research.
High-tech running shoes and spikes ("super-footwear") are currently being debated in sports. There is direct evidence that distance running super shoes improve running economy; however, it is not well established to which extent world-class performances are affected over the range of track and road running events.
This study examined publicly available performance datasets of annual best track and road performances for evidence of potential systematic performance effects following the introduction of super footwear. The analysis was based on the 100 best performances per year for men and women in outdoor events from 2010 to 2022, provided by the world governing body of athletics (World Athletics).
We found evidence of progressing improvements in track and road running performances after the introduction of super distance running shoes in 2016 and super spike technology in 2019. This evidence is more pronounced for distances longer than 1500 m in women and longer than 5000 m in men. Women seem to benefit more from super footwear in distance running events than men.
While the observational study design limits causal inference, this study provides a database on potential systematic performance effects following the introduction of super shoes/spikes in track and road running events in world-class athletes. Further research is needed to examine the underlying mechanisms and, in particular, potential sex differences in the performance effects of super footwear.
Background: Running overuse injuries (ROIs) occur within a complex, partly injury-specific interplay between training loads and extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors. Biomechanical risk factors (BRFs) are related to the individual running style. While BRFs have been reviewed regarding general ROI risk, no systematic review has addressed BRFs for specific ROIs using a standardized methodology.
Objective: To identify and evaluate the evidence for the most relevant BRFs for ROIs determined during running and to
suggest future research directions.
Design: Systematic review considering prospective and retrospective studies. (PROSPERO_ID: 236,832).
Data Sources: PubMed. Connected Papers. The search was performed in February 2021.
Eligibility Criteria: English language. Studies on participants whose primary sport is running addressing the risk for the seven most common ROIs and at least one kinematic, kinetic (including pressure measurements), or electromyographic BRF. A BRF needed to be identified in at least one prospective or two independent retrospective studies. BRFs needed to be determined during running.
Results: Sixty-six articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Levels of evidence for specific ROIs ranged from conflicting to moderate evidence. Running populations and methods applied varied considerably between studies. While some BRFs appeared for several ROIs, most BRFs were specific for a particular ROI. Most BRFs derived from lower-extremity joint kinematics and kinetics were located in the frontal and transverse planes of motion. Further, plantar pressure, vertical ground reaction force loading rate and free moment-related parameters were identified as kinetic BRFs.
Conclusion: This study offers a comprehensive overview of BRFs for the most common ROIs, which might serve as a starting point to develop ROI-specific risk profiles of individual runners. We identified limited evidence for most ROI-specific risk factors, highlighting the need for performing further high-quality studies in the future. However, consensus on data collection standards (including the quantification of workload and stress tolerance variables and the reporting of injuries) is warranted.
Objective: To identify and evaluate the evidence of the most relevant running-related risk factors (RRRFs) for running-related overuse injuries (ROIs) and to suggest future research directions.
Design: Systematic review considering prospective and retrospective studies. (PROSPERO_ID: 236832)
Data sources: Pubmed. Connected Papers. The search was performed in February 2021.
Eligibility criteria: English language. Studies on participants whose primary sport is running addressing the risk for the seven most common ROIs and at least one kinematic, kinetic (including pressure measurements), or electromyographic RRRF. An RRRF needed to be identified in at least one prospective or two retrospective studies.
Results: Sixty-two articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Levels of evidence for specific ROIs ranged from conflicting to moderate evidence. Running populations and methods applied varied considerably between studies. While some RRRFs appeared for several ROIs, most RRRFs were specific for a particular ROI. The biomechanical measurements performed in many studies would have allowed for consideration of many more RRRFs than have been reported, highlighting a potential for more effective data usage in the future.
Conclusion: This study offers a comprehensive overview of RRRFs for the most common ROIs, which might serve as a starting point to develop ROI-specific risk profiles of individual runners. Future work should use macroscopic (big data) approaches involving long-term data collections in the real world and microscopic approaches involving precise stress calculations using recent developments in biomechanical modelling. However, consensus on data collection standards (including the quantification of workload and stress tolerance variables and the reporting of injuries) is warranted.
The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of running speed and slope on metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint kinematics. 22 male and female runners underwent 3D motion analysis on an instrumented treadmill at three different speeds (2.5 m/s, 3.0 m/s, 3.5 m/s). At each speed, participants ran at seven slope conditions (downhill: -15%, -10%, -5%, level, and uphill: +5%, +10%, +15%). We found a significant main effect (p < 0.001) of running speed and slope on peak MTP dorsiflexion and a running speed by slope interaction effect (p < 0.001) for peak MTP dorsiflexion velocity. These findings highlight the need to consider running intensity and environmental factors like running surface inclination when considering MTP joint mechanics and technological aids to support runners.
Background: Many countries have restricted public life in order to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). As a side effect of related measures, physical activity (PA) levels may have decreased.
Objective: We aimed (1) to quantify changes in PA and (2) to identify variables potentially predicting PA reductions.
Methods: A systematic review with random-effects multilevel meta-analysis was performed, pooling the standardized mean differences in PA measures before and during public life restrictions.
Results: A total of 173 trials with moderate methodological quality (modified Downs and Black checklist) were identified. Compared to pre-pandemic, total PA (SMD − 0.65, 95% CI − 1.10 to − 0.21) and walking (SMD − 0.52, 95% CI − 0.29 to − 0.76) decreased while sedentary behavior increased (SMD 0.91, 95% CI: 0.17 to 1.65). Reductions in PA affected all intensities (light: SMD − 0.35, 95% CI − 0.09 to − 0.61, p = .013; moderate: SMD − 0.33, 95% CI − 0.02 to − 0.6; vigorous: SMD − 0.33, − 0.08 to − 0.58, 95% CI − 0.08 to − 0.58) to a similar degree. Moderator analyses revealed no influence of variables such as sex, age, body mass index, or health status. However, the only continent without a PA reduction was Australia and cross-sectional trials yielded higher effect sizes (p < .05).
Conclusion: Public life restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in moderate reductions in PA levels and large increases in sedentary behavior. Health professionals and policy makers should therefore join forces to develop strategies counteracting the adverse effects of inactivity.
Governments have restricted public life during the COVID-19 pandemic, inter alia closing sports facilities and gyms. As regular exercise is essential for health, this study examined the effect of pandemic-related confinements on physical activity (PA) levels. A multinational survey was performed in 14 countries. Times spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as well as in vigorous physical activity only (VPA) were assessed using the Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form). Data were obtained for leisure and occupational PA pre- and during restrictions. Compliance with PA guidelines was calculated based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). In total, n = 13,503 respondents (39 ± 15 years, 59% females) were surveyed. Compared to pre-restrictions, overall self-reported PA declined by 41% (MVPA) and 42.2% (VPA). Reductions were higher for occupational vs. leisure time, young and old vs. middle-aged persons, previously more active vs. less active individuals, but similar between men and women. Compared to pre-pandemic, compliance with WHO guidelines decreased from 80.9% (95% CI: 80.3–81.7) to 62.5% (95% CI: 61.6–63.3). Results suggest PA levels have substantially decreased globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key stakeholders should consider strategies to mitigate loss in PA in order to preserve health during the pandemic.
The identification and quantification of compounds in the gas phase becomes of increasing interest in the context of environmental protection, as well as in the analytical field. In this respect, the high extinction coefficients of vapours and gases in the ultraviolet wavelength region allow a very sensitive measurement system. In addition, the increased performance of the components necessary for setting up a measurement system, such as fibres, light sources and detectors has been improved. In particular the light sources and detectors offer improved stability, and the deep UV performance and solarisation resistance of fused silica fibres allow have been significantly optimized in the past years. Therefore a compact and reliable detection system with high measuring accuracy is developed. Within this paper possible applications of the system under development and recent results will be discussed.
Das Ziel dieses Projekts ist die Entwicklung und Charakterisierung einer mikrobiellen Brennstoffzelle (MBZ). Die MBZ unterscheidet sich von einer herkömmlichen Brennstoffzelle darin, dass die an der Anode erzeugten Elektronen nicht vom molekularen Wasserstoff, sondern direkt von der im Anodenkompartiment wachsenden Biomasse aus organischen Verbindungen stammen. Die Funktionsweise einer solchen Zelle ist in Abbildung 3.4-1 dargestellt. Im Gegensatz zur herkömmlichen Brennstoffzelle können in einer MBZ auch Abwasserteilströme z. B. aus der Lebensmittelindustrie als Substrat eingesetzt werden. Der große Vorteil der MBZ besteht somit darin, dass Abwässer biologisch abgebaut und gleichzeitig elektrischer Strom erzeugt werden kann.
Die angestrebten Klimaschutzziele erfordern, dass Erneuerbare Energien längerfristig zur Hauptenergiequelle der Energieversorgung werden. Um dieses ehrgeizige Ziel zu erreichen, ist es angebracht konventionelle und erneuerbare Energie oder noch besser nachhaltige Einzelprozesse intelligent miteinander zu verknüpfen.
Das Projekt EBIPREP wird von einer interdisziplinären Forschergruppe bestehend aus Chemikern, Prozessingenieuren und Bioprozessingenieuren sowie Physikern, die auf Sensoren und Prozesssteuerung spezialisiert sind durchgeführt. Das Ziel ist es, neue Lösungen für die Nutzungswege von Holzhackschnitzeln und den bei der mechanischen Trocknung anfallenden Holzpresssaft zu entwickeln. Neben der Hackschnitzelvergasung und der katalytischen Reinigung des Holzgases steht die Nutzung des Holzpresssafts in Biogasanlagen und bei der biotechnologischen Wertstofferzeugung, z.B. bei der Enzymherstellung, im Vordergrund.
Was wir tun?
Das EBIPREP-Projekt wird von einer interdisziplinären Forschungsgruppe durchgeführt, die sich aus Chemikern, Prozessingenieuren, Bioprozessingenieuren und Physikern zusammensetzt. Ziel ist es, neue Lösungen für den Einsatz von Hackschnitzeln und Holzpresssaft zu entwickeln, die durch ein innovatives mechanisches Trocknungsverfahren gewonnen werden. Neben der Holzvergasung und katalytischen Reinigung des Holzgases ist der Einsatz von Holzpresssaft in Biogasanlagen und in biotechnologischen Produktionsprozessen von Wertstoffen vorgesehen. Holzhackschnitzel werden thermisch vergast. Es werden Online-Sensoren entwickelt, um die relevanten Parameter der stabilisierten und optimierten Einzelprozesse auszuwerten. Die Verknüpfung von thermischen und biotechnologischer Konversionsprozessen könnte dazu beitragen, die Dimension von Biogasreaktoren erheblich zu reduzieren. Diese Tatsache wird folglich zu einer spürbaren Kostensenkung führen.
Ziele des EBIPREP-Projekts
• die Vorteile der thermischen und biologischen Umwandlung von Biomasse zu kombinieren;
• Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen mit innovativen Sensoren und katalytische Behandlung von Synthesegasen;
• nachhaltige Produktion biotechnologischer wertvoller Produkte
• wirtschaftliche und ökologische Analyse des Gesamtprozesses im Vergleich zu den Einzelprozessen
• Einsatz von Prozessabwässern zur Erzeugung regenerativer Energie oder biotechnologischer Wertstoffe
• Erwerb neuer Kenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der Rückgewinnungstechnik von Rückständen
• und Energieerzeugung;
• Erweiterung neuer Anwendungsfelder für innovative Sensoren und Keramik
• Schäume für Katalysatoren;
• Senkung der Kosten für die Biogasproduktion
Im geplanten Übersichtsvortrag werden die vernetzten Strukturen des Projekts EBIPREP und deren zentralen Ergebnisse vorgestellt.
The compliant nature of distal limb muscle-tendon units is traditionally considered suboptimal in explosive movements when positive joint work is required. However, during accelerative running, ankle joint net mechanical work is positive. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how plantar flexor muscle-tendon behavior is modulated during fast accelerations. Eleven female sprinters performed maximum sprint accelerations from starting blocks, while gastrocnemius muscle fascicle lengths were estimated using ultrasonography. We combined motion analysis and ground reaction force measurements to assess lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics, and to estimate gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit length during the first two acceleration steps. Outcome variables were resampled to the stance phase and averaged across three to five trials. Relevant scalars were extracted and analyzed using one-sample and two-sample t-tests, and vector trajectories were compared using statistical parametric mapping. We found that an uncoupling of muscle fascicle behavior from muscle-tendon unit behavior is effectively used to produce net positive mechanical work at the joint during maximum sprint acceleration. Muscle fascicles shortened throughout the first and second steps, while shortening occurred earlier during the first step, where negative joint work was lower compared with the second step. Elastic strain energy may be stored during dorsiflexion after touchdown since fascicles did not lengthen at the same time to dissipate energy. Thus, net positive work generation is accommodated by the reuse of elastic strain energy along with positive gastrocnemius fascicle work. Our results show a mechanism of how muscles with high in-series compliance can contribute to net positive joint work.
Immunosorbent turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) particles displaying the IgG-binding domains D and E of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (PA) on every coat protein (CP) subunit (TVCVPA) were purified from plants via optimized and new protocols. The latter used polyethylene glycol (PEG) raw precipitates, from which virions were selectively re-solubilized in reverse PEG concentration gradients. This procedure improved the integrity of both TVCVPA and the wild-type subgroup 3 tobamovirus. TVCVPA could be loaded with more than 500 IgGs per virion, which mediated the immunocapture of fluorescent dyes, GFP, and active enzymes. Bi-enzyme ensembles of cooperating glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase were tethered together on the TVCVPA carriers via a single antibody type, with one enzyme conjugated chemically to its Fc region, and the other one bound as a target, yielding synthetic multi-enzyme complexes. In microtiter plates, the TVCVPA-displayed sugar-sensing system possessed a considerably increased reusability upon repeated testing, compared to the IgG-bound enzyme pair in the absence of the virus. A high coverage of the viral adapters was also achieved on Ta2O5 sensor chip surfaces coated with a polyelectrolyte interlayer, as a prerequisite for durable TVCVPA-assisted electrochemical biosensing via modularly IgG-assembled sensor enzymes.
Introduction: The use of scaffolds in tissue engineering is becoming increasingly important as solutions need to be found to preserve human tissues such as bone or cartilage. Various factors, including cells, biomaterials, cell and tissue culture conditions, play a crucial role in tissue engineering. The in vivo environment of the cells exerts complex stimuli on the cells, thereby directly influencing cell behavior, including proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, to create suitable replacement or regeneration procedures for human tissues, the conditions of the cells’ natural environment should be well mimicked. Therefore, current research is trying to develop 3-dimensional scaffolds (scaffolds) that can elicit appropriate cellular responses and thus help the body regenerate or replace tissues. In this work, scaffolds were printed from the biomaterial polycaprolactone (PCL) on a 3D bioplotter. Biocompatibility testing was used to determine whether the printed scaffolds were suitable for use in tissue engineering.
Material and Methods: An Envisiontec 3D bioplotter was used to fabricate the scaffolds. For better cell-scaffold interaction, the printed polycaprolactone scaffolds were coated with type-I collagen. Three different cell types were then cultured on the scaffolds and various tests were used to investigate the biocompatibility of the scaffolds.
Results: Reproducible scaffolds could be printed from polycaprolactone. In addition, a coating process with collagen was developed, which significantly improved the cell-scaffold interaction. Biocompatibility tests showed that the PCL-collagen scaffolds are suitable for use with cells. The cells adhered to the surface of the scaffolds and as a result extensive cell growth was observed on the scaffolds. The inner part of the scaffolds, however, remained largely uninhabited. In the cytotoxicity studies, it was found that toxicity below 20% was present in some experimental runs. The determination of the compressive strength by means of the universal testing machine Z005 by ZWICK according to DIN EN ISO 604 of the scaffolds resulted in a value of 68.49 ± 0.47 MPa.
Der Einbau von Smart Metern und deren intelligente Vernetzung in Richtung eines Smart Grid wird Stromverbrauchsmuster bis in die Haushalte hinein verändern. Über die technisch geprägte Diskussion um die Komponenten dafür darf deshalb keinesfalls die Einbeziehung der Gesellschaft in den anstehenden Wandel vergessen werden. Transparenz bei den Kosten, die Förderung von Vertrauen insbesondere in die Datenschutzstandards und eine verständliche Aufklärungsarbeit sind Schlüssel für den notwendigen Dialog zwischen Energieversorgern, Politik und Bürgern.
Short-term load forecasting (STLF) has been playing a key role in the electricity sector for several decades, due to the need for aligning energy generation with the demand and the financial risk connected with forecasting errors. Following the top-down approach, forecasts are calculated for aggregated load profiles, meaning the sum of singular loads from consumers belonging to a balancing group. Due to the emerging flexible loads, there is an increasing relevance for STLF of individual factories. These load profiles are typically more stochastic compared to aggregated ones, which imposes new requirements to forecasting methods and tools with a bottom-up approach. The increasing digitalization in industry with enhanced data availability as well as smart metering are enablers for improved load forecasts. There is a need for STLF tools processing live data with a high temporal resolution in the minute range. Furthermore, behin-the-meter (BTM) data from various sources like submetering and production planning data should be integrated in the models. In this case, STLF is becoming a big data problem so that machine learning (ML) methods are required. The research project “GaIN” investigates the improvement of the STLF quality of an energy utility using BTM data and innovative ML models. This paper describes the project scope, proposes a detailed definition for a benchmark and evaluates the readiness of existing STLF methods to fulfil the described requirements as a reviewing paper.
The review highlights that recent STLF investigations focus on ML methods. Especially hybrid models gain more and more importance. ML can outperform classical methods in terms of automation degree and forecasting accuracy. Nevertheless, the potential for improving forecasting accuracy by the use of ML models depends on the underlying data and the types of input variables. The described methods in the analyzed publications only partially fulfil the tool requirements for STLF on company level. There is still a need to develop suitable ML methods to integrate the expanded data base in order to improve load forecasts on company level.
Colored glass products with various printing technologies are becoming more important in industry. The aim is to achieve individual solution in a very short delivery time. Conventional thermal treatment of burning glasses in oven for tempered color printing has predominant issues with high time consumption, energy consumption and manufacturing cost. It requires alternative process development.
This paper proposes laser process to overcome issues in conventional treatment with the latest results of tempering colored glass. Samples have been analyzed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two different laser systems have been applied and the glass has been printed with black paste.
Das Fraunhofer ISE hat im Rahmen dieses Projektes die hauseigene Wasserstoff-Tankstelle um einen zweiten Hochdruckspeicher, einen zweiten Mitteldruckverdichter, zwei Mengenmesser und eine Elektrolyse-Leistungssteuerung erweitert und die Lüftung im Betriebsmittelraum verändert. Zudem wurde die im Projekt vom Partner Sick entwickelte Gasanalytik in die Tankstelle und die vom Partner Sick entwickelte Mengenmessung in einen 200kW Elektrolyse-Teststand integriert.
Damit wurde die Betankungskapazität pro Fahrzeug und insgesamt verbessert, die Zuverlässigkeit der Tankstelle erhöht und die Infrastruktur geschaffen, um Langzeituntersuchungen von Gasverunreinigungen, Elektrolyse-Degradation und Wasserstoff-Verlusten an der Tankstelle durchzuführen, sowie einen Feldtest für die entwickelten Komponenten des Partners Sick durchzuführen. Alle Nachrüstungen waren erfolgreich - die Lüftungsanpassung zur Verbesserung der Vorkühlungszuverlässigkeit und Lebensdauer erfüllte jedoch bis zum Projektende nicht die Erwartungen. Bei Messungen mit und für die Hochschule Offenburg wurden zudem mit sehr geringem Mehraufwand Messdaten bezüglich Genauigkeit des vorhanden Coriolismesser erhoben und verwertet.
Ein bisher ungelöstes Problem für die kommerzielle Nutzung von Wasserstoffbetriebenen Fahrzeugen ist die eichfähige Mengenmessung bei der Betankung. Bisher auf dem Markt befindliche Durchflussmesser für Wasserstofftankstellen arbeiten nach dem Coriolis-Prinzip und erreichen nicht die geforderten Messunsicherheiten.
Ziel des Arbeitspakets der Hochschule Offenburg ist die Entwicklung eines neuen Ansatzes zur eichfähigen Mengenmessung. Notwendige Bedingung für die Eichfähigkeit ist zum einen eine ausreichende Messrichtigkeit, zum anderen muss Messbeständigkeit sichergestellt werden. Hierzu gehören beispielsweise Manipulationssicherheit, Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit und Sensorbeständigkeit. Aufgrund der geforderten Manipulationssicherheit kommen Messmethoden wie bspw. das Wiegen der Fahrzeuge oder Tanksysteme nicht infrage, da diese vom Verbraucher beeinflusst werden können. Deshalb soll ein Durchflussmesser basierend auf dem Düsenmessverfahren entwickelt werden.
Im Rahmen des Projektes wurden zunächst die Rahmenbedingungen bei Wasserstoffbetankungsvorgängen nach der Norm SAE J2601 erarbeitet. Basierend darauf wurde ein dynamisches Simulationsmodell entwickelt, welches die Berechnung der zeitlich veränderlichen Massen- und Volumenströme während der Betankung ermöglicht. Diese dienen als Grundlage für die Auslegung der Düsengeometrie sowie der benötigten Temperatur- und Druckmesstechnik. Parallel zu dem Durchflussmessgerät wurde ein gravimetrischer Teststand entwickelt, welcher es ermöglicht, die Messgenauigkeit der Düse zu untersuchen. Der Teststand ist mit einem Wasserstofftank ausgestattet, welcher während Betankungsversuchen befüllt werden kann um realistische Strömungsbedingungen zu erreichen.
Während den anschließenden Versuchen an der Wasserstofftankstelle des Fraunhofer ISE in Freiburg konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Messdüse sowie der Teststand funktionieren und das Düsenmessverfahren ein geeignetes Verfahren für Durchflussmessungen an Wasserstofftankstellen darstellt. Es konnten Messunsicherheiten im Bereich der Eichfähigkeit (um 1 %) erreicht werden.
Die SICK AG beteiligt sich im Projekt Wasserstoffinfrastruktur Freiburg mit der eigen entwickelten Gasanalytik und Durchflussmesstechnik. Die Grundlagenuntersuchungen im Laufe des Projektes dienten dazu die industrielle Eignung der eingesetzten Messtechnik festzustellen sowie Erkenntnisse für eine spätere Weiterentwicklung von eichfähigen Ultraschall- H2 Gaszählern zu ermitteln.
Predictive control has great potential in the home energy management domain. However, such controls need reliable predictions of the system dynamics as well as energy consumption and generation, and the actual implementation in the real system is associated with many challenges. This paper presents the implementation of predictive controls for a heat pump with thermal storage in a real single-family house with a photovoltaic rooftop system. The predictive controls make use of a novel cloud camera-based short-term solar energy prediction and an intraday prediction system that includes additional data sources. In addition, machine learning methods were used to model the dynamics of the heating system and predict loads using extensive measured data. The results of the real and simulated operation will be presented.
During the coronavirus crisis, labs had to be offered in digital form in mechanical engineering at short notice. For this purpose, digital twins of more complex test benches in the field of fluid energy machines were used in the mechanical engineering course, with which the students were able to interact remotely to obtain measurement data. The concept of the respective lab was revised with regard to its implementation as a remote laboratory. Fortunately, real-world labs were able to be fully replaced by remote labs. Student perceptions of remote labs were mostly positive. This paper explains the concept and design of the digital twins and the lab as well as the layout, procedure, and finally the results of the accompanying evaluation. However, the implementation of the digital twins to date does not yet include features which address the tactile experience of working in real-world labs.
During the coronavirus crisis, labs had to be offered in digital form in mechanical engineering at short notice. For this purpose, digital twins of more complex test benches in the field of fluid energy machines were used in the mechanical engineering course, with which the students were able to interact remotely to obtain measurement data. The concept of the respective lab was revised with regard to its implementation as a remote laboratory. Fortunately, real-world labs were able to be fully replaced by remote labs. Student perceptions of remote labs were mostly positive. This paper explains the concept and design of the digital twins and the lab as well as the layout, procedure, and finally the results of the accompanying evaluation. However, the implementation of the digital twins to date does not yet include features that address the tactile experience of working in real-world labs.
Silicon (Si) has turned out to be a promising active material for next‐generation lithium‐ion battery anodes. Nevertheless, the issues known from Si as electrode material (pulverization effects, volume change etc.) are impeding the development of Si anodes to reach market maturity. In this study, we are investigating a possible application of Si anodes in low‐power printed electronic applications. Tailored Si inks are produced and the impact of carbon coating on the printability and their electrochemical behavior as printed Si anodes is investigated. The printed Si anodes contain active material loadings that are practical for powering printed electronic devices, like electrolyte gated transistors, and are able to show high capacity retentions. A capacity of 1754 mAh/gSi is achieved for a printed Si anode after 100 cycles. Additionally, the direct applicability of the printed Si anodes is shown by successfully powering an ink‐jet printed transistor.
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), as the modern form of TLC (thin-layer chromatography), is suitable for detecting pharmaceutically active compounds over a wide polarity range using the gradient multiple development (GMD) technique. Diode-array detection (DAD) in conjunction with HPTLC can simultaneously acquire ultraviolet‒visible (UV‒VIS) and fluorescence spectra directly from the plate. Visualization as a contour plot helps to identify separated zones. An orange peel extract is used as an example to show how GMD‒DAD‒HPTLC in seven different developments with seven different solvents can provide an overview of the entire sample. More than 50 compounds in the extract can be separated on a 6-cm HPTLC plate. Such separations take place in the biologically inert stationary phase of HPTLC, making it a suitable method for effect-directed analysis (EDA). HPTLC‒EDA can even be performed with living organism, as confirmed by the use of Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria to detect bioluminescence as a measure of toxicity. The combining of gradient multiple development planar chromatography with diode-array detection and effect-directed analysis (GMD‒DAD‒HPTLC‒EDA) in conjunction with specific staining methods and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF‒MS) will be the method of choice to find new chemical structures from plant extracts that can serve as the basic structure for new pharmaceutically active compounds.
Die Weltwirtschaftskrise 2008 hat mit ihrer zeitweisen Verknappung von Acetonitril eindringlich gezeigt, dass man nicht nur auf eine einzige chromatographische Methode setzten sollte. Genau dies wird aber im Augenblick getan, denn Industrie und Forschung setzen mehrheitlich auf die High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) als die Trennmethode ihrer Wahl. Für viele Anwendungen in der Pharmazie, in der Umweltanalytik, der Lebensmittelanalytik, aber auch in der Inprozesskontrolle gibt es mit der Dünnschichtchromatografie eine Alternative.
The NaSiO Institute (Institute for Sustainable Silicate Research in Offenburg, https://inasio.hs-offenburg.de/) has been working for years on climate-friendly alternatives to insulation materials and inorganic binders, as well as the reasonable use of construction waste in the building industry. The aim of research is to realize the enormous CO 2 saving potential of the construction sector worldwide. A stopping of climate heating will only succeed if these climate-friendly alternatives are used in the construction industry. This is the only way to realize the enormous CO2 savings that will be needed in future to comply with the Paris Agreement.
A simple Method for quantifying Triazine Herbicides using Thin-Layer Chromatography and a CCD-Camera
(2010)
We present a video-densitometric quantification method for the triazine herbicides atraton, terbumeton, simazine, atrazine, and terbutylazine. Triazine herbicides were separated on silica gel using methyl-t-butyl ether, cyclohexane (1 + 1, v/v) as mobile phase. The quantification is based on a derivation reaction using chlorine and starch-iodine which forms red-brown triazine zones. Measurements were carried out using a 16 bit ST-1603ME CCD camera with 1.56 megapixel from Santa Barbara Instrument Group, Inc., Santa Barbara, USA. A white LED was used for illumination purposes. The range of linearity covers two magnitudes using the (1/R-1) expression data transformation. The signal-to-noise ratio increases directly linearly with the measurement time. The separation method is cheap, fast and reliable.
Melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine or cyanuramide, C3H6N6) is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton (Figure 3.5-1). The molecule contains 66% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred. The word melamine (from German) is a combination of the word melam (which is a distillation derivative of ammonium thiocyanate) and amine [1]. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, an insecticide in which the proton of an NH2-group is substituted by a cyclopropyl group.
We present a densitometric quantification method for triclosan in toothpaste, separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and using a 48-bit flatbed scanner as the detection system. The sample was band-wise applied to HPTLC plates (10 × 20 cm), with fluorescent dye, Merck, Germany (1.05554). The plates were developed in a vertical developing chamber with 20 min of chamber saturation over 70 mm, using n-heptane–methyl tert-butyl ether–acetic acid (92:8:0.1, V/V) as solvent. The RF value of triclosan is hRF = 22.4, and quantification is based on direct measurements using an inexpensive 48-bit flatbed scanner for color measurements (in red, green, and blue) after plate staining with 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (Gibbs' reagent). Evaluation of the red channel makes the measurements of triclosan very specific. For linearization, an extended Kubelka–Munk expression was used for data transformation. The range of linearity covers more than two orders of magnitude and is between 91 and 1000 ng. The separation method is inexpensive, fast and reliable.
Rudolf E. Kaiser
(2020)
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