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Weg- und Winkelsensoren
(2014)
Weg- und Winkelaufnehmer werden überall dort benötigt wo veränderliche Positionen, (Abstände, Längen oder Winkel) erfasst werden müssen, um entweder als reiner Messwert ausgegeben zu werden oder in einem Regelkreis zumeist die Regelgröße als Messwert zur Verfügung zu stellen. Grundsätzlich unterscheidet man zwischen berührenden (tastenden) und berührungslosen Aufnehmern. Zu den berührenden Sensoren zählen dabei alle Aufnehmer, die ein spezielles Messobjekt als Weg- oder Winkelvermittler benötigen, das während der Messung fest mit dem eigentlichen Messobjekt verbunden ist. Diese Bezeichnung gilt auch dann, wenn die eigentliche Messung gegen das vermittelnde Objekt im Endeffekt berührungslos erfolgt. Berührungslose Weg- und Winkelaufnehmer können ohne einen solchen Vermittler direkt gegen das zu vermessende Objekt messen.
Previous studies of the hyphenation of gas chromatographic separation and spectrophotometric detection in the ultraviolet wavelength range between 168 and 330 nm showed a high potential for applications where the analysis of complex samples is required. Within this paper the development of a state-of-the-art detection system for compounds in the vapour phase is described, offering an improved behaviour compared to previous systems: Dependent on the requirements of established detection systems hyphenated with gas chromatography, the main components of the system have to be designed for optimum performance and reliability of the spectrophotometric detector: A deuterium lamp as a broadband light source has been selected for improved stability in the measurements. A new-type absorption cell based on fiber-optics has been developed considering the dynamic necessary to compete with existing techniques. In addition, the influence of the volume of the cell on the chromatogram needs to be analyzed. Tests for determining the performance of the absorption cell in terms of chemical and thermal influences have been carried out. A new spectrophotometer with adequate spectral resolution in the wavelength range, offering improved stability and dynamic for an efficient use in this application was developed. Furthermore, the influence of each component on the performance, reliability and stability of the sensor system will be discussed. An overview and outlook over the potential applications in the environmental, scientific and medical field will be given.
In thin-layer chromatography, fiber-bundle arrays have been introduced for spectral absorption measurements in the UV-region. Using all-silica fiber bundles, the exciting light will be detected after re-emission on the plate with a fiberoptic spectrometer. In addition, fluorescence light can be detected which will be masked by the re-emitted light. Therefore, it is helpful to separate the absorption and fluorescence on the TLC-plate. A modified three-array assembly has been developed: using one array for detection, the two others are used for excitation with broadband band deuterium-light and with UV-LEDs adjusted to the substances under test. As an example, the quantification of glucosamine in nutritional supplements or spinach leaf extract will be described. Using simply heating of the amino-plate for derivation, the reaction product of Glucosamine can be detected sensitively either by light absorption or by fluorescence, using the new fiber-optic assembly. In addition, the properties of the new 3-row fiber-optic array and the commercially available UV-LEDs will be shown, in the interesting wavelength region for excitation of fluorescence, from 260 nm to 360 nm. The squint angle having an influence on coupling efficiency and spatial resolution will be measured with the inverse farfield method. Some properties of UV-LEDs for analytical applications will be described and discussed, too.
TRIZ Innovationstechnologie
(2023)
Polyarticulated active prostheses constitute a promising solution for upper limb amputees. The bottleneck for their adoption though, is the lack of intuitive control. In this context, machine learning algorithms based on pattern recognition from electromyographic (EMG) signals represent a great opportunity for naturally operating prosthetic devices, but their performance is strongly affected by the selection of input features. In this study, we investigated different combinations of 13 EMG-derived features obtained from EMG signals of healthy individuals performing upper limb movements and tested their performance for movement classification using an Artificial Neural Network. We found that input data (i.e., the set of input features) can be reduced by more than 50% without any loss in accuracy, while diminishing the computing time required to train the classifier. Our results indicate that input features must be properly selected in order to optimize prosthetic control.
The main focus of this chapter is the theoretical and instrumental processes that underpin densitometric methods widely used in thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Densitometric methods include UV–vis, luminescence and fluorescence optical measurements as well as infrared and Raman spectroscopic measurements. The chapter is divided in two general parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. The systems for direct radioactivity measurements and the combination of TLC with mass spectrometry are also discussed. All these systems allow measuring an intensity distribution directly on a TLC plate. We call this “in situ detection” because no analyte is removed from the plate.
The main focus of this chapter is the theoretical and instrumental processes that underpin densitometric methods widely used in thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Densitometric methods include UV–vis, luminescence, and fluorescence optical measurements as well as infrared and Raman spectroscopic measurements. The chapter is divided in two general parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. The systems for direct radioactivity measurements and the combination of TLC with mass spectrometry are also discussed. All these systems allow measuring an intensity distribution directly on a TLC plate. We call this “in situ detection” because no analyte is removed from the plate.
Grundzüge der Strömungslehre
(2023)
Dieses ausgereifte Lehrbuch stellt in prägnant kurzer und mathematisch verständlicher Darstellung die strömungstechnischen Grundlagen dar. Aufgaben mit Lösungen helfen den Lernstoff richtig anzuwenden und fördern das Verständnis. Das Buch eignet sich zur Begleitung und Vertiefung der Vorlesungen über Strömungslehre sowie zum Selbststudium. Die vorliegende Auflage geht auf die immer größer werdende Rolle des Energiehaushalts ein und trägt damit den aktuellen Entwicklungen Rechnung. Ergänzt wurden aktuelle Übungsaufgaben der Strömungsmechanik, zahlreiche Beispiele veranschaulichen den Energiesatz.