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Specific prototypes of sedimentation field flow fractionation devices (SdFFF) have been developed with relative success for cell sorting. However, no data are available to compare these apparatus with commercial ones. In order to compare with other devices mainly used for non-biological species, biocompatible systems were used for standard particle (latex: 3–10 μm of different size dispersities) separation development. In order to enhance size dependent separations, channels of reduced thickness were used (80 and 100 μm) and channel/carrier-phase equilibration procedures were necessary. For sample injection, the use of inlet tubing linked to the FFF accumulation wall, common for cell sorting, can be extended to latex species when they are eluted in the Steric Hyperlayer elution mode. It avoids any primary relaxation steps (stop flow injection procedure) simplifying series of elution processing. Mixtures composed of four different monodispersed latex beads can be eluted in 6 min with 100 μm channel thickness.
The three wavelength extinction method (3-WEM) was applied for the on-line particle analysisof suspensions of monodisperse latex beads and polydisperse metal oxide particles of industrialinterest. Comparative measurements were performed by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Thedata of latex particles obtained by 3-WEM and PCS are in good agreement with the manufacture’svalues. Also, the values of oxide particles measured by means of the two techniques are in reasonableagreement despite of the irregular particle shape.Discrepancies are observed by comparing the oxideparticle size results with those of scanning electron microscopy, which is due to the broad sampledistributions and shape irregularities.
Non-esterified plant oils gain ecological and economical importance, particularly in the EU where it is intended to increase the share of renewable energies. Plant oils do not require any chemical treatment so do not cause secondary pollution. The importance of plant oil will increase in Germany for mobile and stationary applications. The generation co-generation of heat and power is subsidized by the German “Erneuerbares Energiegesetz” and the “Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsgesetz” when renewable fuels are used such as plant oils..
Plant oils have a much higher viscosity than conventional gas oil. It is mandatory to decrease the oil viscosity by heating prior to injection to assure proper injection and to avoid engine damage due to coke formation in the combustion chamber and at the injection nozzle. The German quality standard of Weihenstephan (RK-Qualitätsstandard 05/2000) for rape seed oil should be followed for use as diesel fuel. The chemical composition of plant oils is appreciably different in comparison to diesel fuels derived from mineral oils suggesting also different emission behavior.
Particle and Gaseous Emissions of Diesel Engines Fuelled by Different Non-Esterified Plant Oils
(2007)
The particulate matter and gas emissions of several plant oils are analyzed in the hot exhaust gas under various engine conditions at different speeds and loads The measurement data are compared to the emission values of conventional diesel fuel (gas oil). The investigation concentrates on a modern common rail TDI light duty diesel, four cylinders, for passenger cars. The differences in the gas and particulate matter emission - compared to conventional diesel fuel - are remarkably low for the diesel engine which is properly adjusted for the plant oils. Emission data of an old heavy duty diesel engine are also shown for comparison reasons and reveals large differences. Differences are found in the pressures of the indicator diagram, time resolved over the crank angle. Plant oils consistently exhibit a higher cylinder pressure. The TEM investigation confirms the differences found by the LPME (long path multi-wavelength extinction) on-line analysis.
Energietechnik
(2007)
Dieses Lehrbuch vermittelt dem Leser anschaulich ein solides, grundlegendes Verständnis für die Zusammenhänge der Energieumwandlungsprozesse. Es umfasst die gesamte Bandbreite der Energietechnik, angefangen bei den Grundlagen der Energie-Verfahrenstechnik über die Beschreibung ausgeführter aktuellster Anlagen (aller Kraftwerkstypen) bis zur Energieverteilung und -speicherung. Schwerpunkte sind regenerative/nachhaltige Energietechniken, Kombianlagen (z. B. Gas- und Dampfturbinen-Kraftwerke) und Anlagen mit Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (z. B. BHKW).
Neu aufgenommen wurden das Kapitel Kyoto-Protokoll sowie Konzepte zu emissionsfreien Kohlekraftwerken. Das Kapitel zur Liberalisierung der Energiemärkte erfuhr eine neue Fassung. Zahlreiche Verbesserungen an Texten und Bildern wurden eingearbeitet.
Auf Grund des didaktischen Konzepts ist dieses Buch nicht nur Studierenden zu empfehlen, sondern auch jedem, der an aktuellen Fragestellungen zur Energietechnik interessiert ist.