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Enabling ultra-low latency is one of the major drivers for the development of future cellular networks to support delay sensitive applications including factory automation, autonomous vehicles and tactile internet. Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 13 standardized cellular network currently optimized for massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). To reduce the latency in cellular networks, 3GPP has proposed some latency reduction techniques that include Semi Persistent Scheduling (SPS) and short Transmission Time Interval (sTTI). In this paper, we investigate the potential of adopting both techniques in NB-IoT networks and provide a comprehensive performance evaluation. We firstly analyze these techniques and then implement them in an open-source network simulator (NS3). Simulations are performed with a focus on Cat-NB1 User Equipment (UE) category to evaluate the uplink user-plane latency. Our results show that SPS and sTTI have the potential to greatly reduce the latency in NB-IoT systems. We believe that both techniques can be integrated into NB-IoT systems to position NB-IoT as a preferred technology for low data rate Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) applications before 5G has been fully rolled out.
Low latency communication is essential to enable mission-critical machine-type communication (mMTC) use cases in cellular networks. Factory and process automation are major areas that require such low latency communication. In this paper, we investigate the potential of adopting the semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) latency reduction technique in narrowband LTE (NB-LTE) networks and provide a comprehensive performance evaluation. First, we investigate and implement SPS in an open-source network simulator (NS3). We perform simulations with a focus on LTE-M and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) systems and evaluate the impact of the SPS technique on the uplink latency of these narrowband systems in real industrial automation scenarios. The performance gain of adopting SPS is analyzed and the results is compared with the legacy dynamic scheduling. Our results show that SPS has the potential to reduce the latency of cellular Internet of Things (cIoT) networks. We believe that SPS can be integrated into LTE-M and NB-IoT systems to support low-latency industrial applications.
One of the main requirements of spatially distributed Internet of Things (IoT) solutions is to have networks with wider coverage to connect many low-power devices. Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) and Cellular IoT(cIOT) networks are promising candidates in this space. LPWAN approaches are based on enhanced physical layer (PHY) implementations to achieve long range such as LoRaWAN, SigFox, MIOTY. Narrowband versions of cellular network offer reduced bandwidth and, simplified node and network management mechanisms, such as Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) and Long-Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M). Since the underlying use cases come with various requirements it is essential to perform a comparative analysis of competing technologies. This article provides systematic performance measurement and comparison of LPWAN and NB-IoT technologies in a unified testbed, also discusses the necessity of future fifth generation (5G) LPWAN solutions.