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Plant oils may be used as a sustainable, nearly CO2neutral fuel for diesel engines. This work investigates experimentally the particulate and gaseous emissions of diesel engines fuelled with different non-esterified, pure plant oils. The data are collected from three engines: a) Common rail 1.7 liter passenger car engine from Opel AG b) 12.8 liter truck engine from VOLVO c) Truck engine from MAN AG.
The emissions of the MAN engine have been used to perform AMES tests to analyze possible health impacts of plant oil operation. Finally, all emission results with plant oils have been compared to traditional gas oils.
There are additional long-term effects which also change the micro-structure of the polymer network and consequently the effective number of polymer chains in the material. These effects are summarized by ageing processes and will be used in the following to explain the basic assumptions of the model which can be generalized to simulate the viscous behaviour of the material. An implementation of these concepts into FEM codes is straightforward and has been carried out to the solver ABAQUS, Baaser & Ziegler (2006), Baaser et al. (2009).
An interlaboratory comparison was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a method based on HPTLC in which reagent-free derivatization is followed by UV/fluorescence detection. The method was tested for the determination of sucralose (C12H19C13O8; (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-hydroxymethyl)oxane-3, 4-diol; CAS Registry No. 56038-13-2) in carbonated and still beverages at the proposed European regulatory limits. For still beverages, a portion of the sample was diluted with methanol-water. For carbonated beverages, a portion of the sample was degassed in an ultrasonic bath before dilution. Turbid beverages were filtered after dilution through an HPLC syringe filter. The separation of sucralose was performed by direct application on amino-bonded (NH2) silica gel HPTLC plates (no cleanup needed) with the mobile phase acetonitrile-water. Sucralose was determined after reagent-free derivatization at 190 degrees C; it was quantified by measurements of both UV absorption and fluorescence. The samples, both spiked and containing sucralose, were sent to 14 laboratories in five different countries. Test portions of a sample found to contain no sucralose were spiked at levels of 30.5, 100.7, and 299 mg/L. Recoveries ranged from 104.3 to 124.6% and averaged 112% for determination by UV detection; recoveries ranged from 98.4 to 101.3% and averaged 99.9% for determination by fluorescence detection. On the basis of the results for spiked samples (blind duplicates at three levels), as well as sucralose-containing samples (blind duplicates at three levels and one split level), the values for the RSDr ranged from 10.3 to 31.4% for determinations by UV detection and from 8.9 to 15.9% for determinations by fluorescence detection. The values for the RSDR values ranged from 13.5 to 31.4% for determinations by UV detection and from 8.9 to 20.7% for determinations by fluorescence detection.
Non-Esterified Plant Oils as Fuel -Engine Characteristics, Emissions and Mutagenic effects of PM-
(2009)
Plant oils may be used as a sustainable, nearly CO2 neutral fuel for diesel engines. This work investigates experimentally the particulate and gaseous emissions of diesel engines fuelled with non-esterified, pure plant oils with the quality standard of DIN V 51605 (Weihen-stephan RK-Qualitätsstandard 05/2000). The data are collected from three engines:
Common rail passenger car engine from OPEL AG
Truck engine from VOLVO
Truck engine from MAN AG
All engines have been correctly adjusted to plant oil operation.
The OPEL and VOLVO engines served for the basic investigations. The emissions of the MAN engine have been used to perform AMES tests to analyze possible health impacts of plant oil operation.
The experimental data show a reduction of particulate matter compared to traditional gasoil which may yield up to 50 % for. The particulate matter shows same primary particle sizes but the agglomerates as collected on TEM grids are different - the plant oil soot particles tend to form larger aggregates [4]. The gaseous emissions of CO and hydrocarbons HC are generally lower compared to the operation with gasoil. However, the NOX emissions are slightly higher. This may be contributed to the measured higher combustion chamber pressures and temperatures when fuelled by plant oils.
Emission samples have been extracted from ESC cycles of 13 step tests to perform the AMES test which give indication on carcinogen substances. The AMES test results gave no indication of mutagenic effects exceeding the detection limits. No significant differences could be found comparing the emissions of plant oil and gasoil operation. Thus, it can be stated that the emission from plant oil operation does not have a health impact different to traditional gas oil. This is in contrast to some other publications — a deeper insight shows that these investigations did not properly modify the engine for plant oils. It is mandatory to make the engine modification to pre-warm the plant oils to approx. 90°C prior to injection. The engine's warm-up phase needs special care to avoid any coking at the injection system and combustion chamber surfaces. The publications where a higher health risk was claimed to be found in the exhaust of plant oil fuels, did not pre-warm the plant oils — cold plant oils have been injected in the combustion chamber instead. This results in incomplete atomization and incomplete combustion with a lot of hazardous emission species (see also [4,11]. Such an operation will damage the engine after relatively short times and is, therefore, not realistic.
The investigated fuels had some influence on the engine characteristics. Higher temperatures and pressures in the cylinder have been detected for some plant oils compared to gasoil. This increase is explained by the higher oxygen content within the plant oils.
After approximately 200 years, a comprehensive access to the texts of Humboldt's extraordinary exploration of the Americans is within sight. To open the legacy to the public for free access the Humboldt Digital Library (HDL) Project has been developing a dynamic amount of data related to studies of Alexander von Humboldt. The Library includes a range of texts, tables and images, as well as many tools that assist mining the data and navigating the system.
The HDL aims to provide an environment in which researchers can work more effectively with a wider variety of primary source materialsùtextual as well as visual. Moreover, the greatest advantage of this dynamic system is its capability to connect data from diverse locations in Humboldt's twenty-nine volumes and allow comparison with modern scientific knowledge and developments.
HDL can recreate the context of a particular text, making it possible to view images, geo-referenced and interactive maps, information about plants and animals, as well as scientific data relevant to Humboldt's observations. By introducing Web 2.0 technology implementations, we are providing new visualizations of the information published in this Digital Library. The perception of the Information Architecture is changing in the era of Web 2.0. By providing more search facilities, creating an academic network around our library and implementing new ways of multi-dimensional navigation we argue that Information Architecture can be extended to new methods of information representation. Facilitating the user navigation to the required information will always be an aim for the managers of high volume data systems. This can be achieved by implementing Information Retrieval modules based on user profiling and by improving the visualization features.
Geothermal Energy in Germany
(2009)