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First year Business Administration students tend to regard themselves as “non-computer scientists” and often have a lack of motivation about taking IT courses in general, either because they perceive them as too technical, too difficult or somewhat irrelevant. In an attempt to counteract this perception and increase the levels of engagement and willing attendance to class, we decided to flip the traditional lecture model and develop a new teaching and learning approach for the IT Fundamentals course using an open source Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system as the platform from which to draw the various underlying IT concepts and through which the relevant competences can be acquired.
This paper describes the implementation process of this new contextualized learning framework “IT via ERP” and the changes in the didactical methods to support it.
Diese Fallstudien sind im Rahmen der Vorlesung "Integrationsseminar" von Bachelorstudenten/-innen des 5. Semesters an der DHBW Mannheim erarbeitet worden. Es handelt sich bei diesen Fallstudien ausschließlich um Unternehmen, die einen Onlinehandel betreiben. Jede Fallstudie beginnt mit der Beschreibung des Beispielunternehmens, deren Entwicklung und Ausrichtung. Anschließend werden die Marktsituation, sowie die Stärken und Schwächen dargestellt. Die Handlungsempfehlung und das Fazit fassen die Schwerpunkte zusammen und die abschließenden Arbeitsfragen können für eine weitere Bearbeitung verwendet werden.
3D Bin Picking with an innovative powder filled gripper and a torque controlled collaborative robot
(2023)
A new and innovative powder filled gripper concept will be introduced to a process to pick parts out of a box without the use of a camera system which guides the robot to the part. The gripper is a combination of an inflatable skin, and a powder inside. In the unjammed condition, the powder is soft and can adjust to the geometry of the part which will be handled. By applying a vacuum to the inflatable skin, the powder gets jammed and transforms to a solid shaped form in which the gripper was brought before applying the vacuum. This physical principle is used to pick parts. The flexible skin of the gripper adjusts to all kinds of shapes, and therefore, can be used to realize 3D bin picking. With the help of a force controlled robot, the gripper can be pushed with a consistent force on flexible positions depending of the filling level of the box. A Kuka LBR iiwa with joint torque sensors in all of its seven axis’ was used to achieve a constant contact pressure. This is the basic criteria to achieve a robust picking process.
Dieser Beitrag stellt die Möglichkeiten des 3D-Druckes unter der Berücksichtigung von Mensch-Roboter-Kollaborations-Anforderungen dar. Dabei werden die Vorteile mit besonderem Fokus auf die zusätzliche Gestaltungsfreiheit erläutert. Anhand von Beispielen wird der Stand der Technik bereits eingesetzter Sensorik sowie deren Notwendigkeit in Greifsystemen erläutert. Im weiteren Verlauf dieses Beitrags werden allgemeine Verfahren für die additive Verarbeitung von leitfähigen Materialien vorgestellt. Daran angeknüpft sind Beispiele speziell zur 3D-gedruckten Sensorik. Abgerundet wird der Beitrag mit einem Ausblick bezüglich 3D-gedruckter Sensorik in MRK-Greifsystemen.
In 4D printing, an additively manufactured component is given the ability to change its shape or function in an intended and useful manner over time. The technology of 4D printing is still in an early stage of development. Nevertheless, interesting research and initial applications exist in the literature. In this work, a novel methodical approach is presented that helps transfer existing 4D printing research results and knowledge into solving application tasks systematically. Moreover, two different smart materials are analyzed, used, and combined following the presented methodical approach to solving the given task in the form of recovering an object from a poorly accessible space. This is implemented by self-positioning, grabbing, and extracting the target object. The first smart material used to realize these tasks is a shape-memory polymer, while the second is a polymer-based magnetic composite. In addition to the presentation and detailed implementation of the methodical approach, the potentials and behavior of the two smart materials are further examined and narrowed down as a result of the investigation. The results show that the developed methodical approach contributes to moving 4D printing closer toward a viable alternative to existing technologies due to its problem-oriented nature.
Diese Fallstudien sind im Rahmen der Vorlesung "Integrationsseminar" von Bachelorstudenten/-innen des 5. Semesters an der DHBW Mannheim erarbeitet worden.Es handelt sich bei diesen Fallstudien ausschließlich um Unternehmen, die einen Onlinehandel betreiben.Jede Fallstudie beginnt mit der Beschreibung des Beispielunternehmens, deren Entwicklung und Ausrichtung. Anschließend werden die Marktsituation, sowie die Stärken und Schwächen dargestellt. Das Fazit und eine Handlungsempfehlung fassen die Schwerpunkte zusammen und die abschließenden Arbeitsfragen können für eine weitere Bearbeitung verwendet werden.
A benchmark analysis of Long Range (LoRaTM) Communication at 2.45 Ghz for safety applications
(2014)
The demand of wireless solutions in industrial applications increases since the early nineties. This trend is not only ongoing, it is further pushed by developments in the area of software stacks like the latest Bluetooth Low Energy Stack. It is also pushed by new chip-designs and powerful and highly integrated electronic hardware. The acceptance of wireless technologies as a possible solution for industrial applications, has overcome the entry barrier [1]. The first step to see wireless as standard for many industrial applications is almost accomplished. Nevertheless there is nearly none acceptance of wireless technology for Safety applications. One highly challenging and demanding requirement is still unsolved: The aspect safety and robustness. Those topics have been addressed in many cases but always in a similar manner. WirelessHART as an example addresses this topic with redundant so called multiple propagation paths and frequency hopping to handle with interferences and loss of network participants. So far the pure peer to peer link is rarely investigated and there are less safety solutions available. One product called LoRa™ can be seen as one possible solution to address this lack of safety within wireless links. This paper focuses on the safety performance evaluation of a modem-chip-design. The use of diverse and redundant wireless technologies like LoRa can lead to an increase acceptance of wireless in safety applications. Many measurements in real industrial application have been carried out to be able to benchmark the new chip in terms of the safety aspects. The content of this research results can help to raise the level of confidence in wireless. In this paper, the term “safety” is used for data transmission reliability.
The need for the logistics sector to timely respond to the increasing requirements of a globalised and digitalised world relies greatly on the com- petences and skills of its labour force. It becomes therefore essential to reinforce the cooperation between universities and business partners in the logistics and supply chain management fields across the European region and to build a logistics knowledge cluster supported by a communication and collaboration platform to foster continuous learning, skill acquisition and experience sharing anytime anywhere. In this paper we focus on designing the conceptual and technical framework for a communication and collaboration platform with the aim to establish the communication pipelines between the partner institutions, facilitating user interactions and exchange, leading to the creation of new knowledge and innovation in the logistics field. This framework is based on the requirements of the three main stakeholders: students, lecturers and companies, and consists of four functional areas defined according to the platform opera- tional requirements. A working prototype of the platform was developed using the Moodle learning management system and its core tools to determine its applicability and possible enhancement requirements. In the next stages of the project some additional tools like a knowledge base and the integration of the partners’ learning management systems to form the logistics knowledge cluster will be implemented.
A novel Bluetooth Low Energy advertising scan algorithm is presented for hybrid radios that are additionally capable to measure energy on Bluetooth channels, e.g. as they would need to be compliant with IEEE 802.15.4. Scanners applying this algorithm can achieve a low latency whilst consuming only a fraction of the power that existing mechanisms can achieve at a similar latency. Furthermore, the power consumption can scale with the incoming network traffic and in contrast to the existing mechanisms, scanners can operate without any frame loss given ideal network conditions. The algorithm does not require any changes to advertisers, hence, stays compatible with existing devices. Performance evaluated via simulation and experiments on real hardware shows a 37 percent lower power consumption compared to the best existing scan setting while even achieving a slightly lower latency which proves that this algorithm can be used to improve the quality of service of connection-less Bluetooth communication or reduce the connection establishment time of connection-oriented communication.
This paper presents a streaming-based E-Learning environment where closer integration between learning and work is achieved by integrating multimedia services into manufacturing processes. It contains a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the proposed E-Learning streaming framework, especially the adaption of streaming services to mobile environments. We first analyze several scenarios where E-Learning streaming services can be integrated into manufacturing processes. To allow systematic and tailor-made integration, we develop a model and a specification language for E-Learning streaming services and apply the model using practical scenarios from real manufacturing processes. Adaption of multimedia streaming services to mobile devices is discussed based on Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL). Last, we comment on the benefits of using E-Learning streaming services as part of manufacturing processes and analyze the acceptance of the developed system. The key components of our E-Learning environment are 1) an xml based streaming service specification language, 2) adaption of multimedia E-Learning services to mobile environments, and 3) Web Services for searching, registration, and creation of E-Learning streaming services.
This paper presents a method for supporting the application of Additive Tooling (AT)-based validation environments in integrated product development. Based on a case study, relevant process steps, activities and possible barriers in the realisation of an injection-moulded product are identified and analysed. The aim of the method is to support the target-oriented application of Additive Tooling to obtain physical prototypes at an early stage and to shorten validation cycles.
In 4D printing an additively manufactured component is given the ability to change its shape or function under the influence of an external stimulus. To achieve this, special smart materials are used that are able to react to external stimuli in a specific way. So far, a number of different stimuli have already been investigated and initial applications have been impressively demonstrated, such as self-folding bodies and simple grippers. However, a methodical specification for the selection of the stimuli and their implementation was not yet in the foreground of the development.
The focus of this work is therefore to develop a methodical approach with which the technology of 4DP can be used in a solution- and application-oriented manner. The developed approach is based on the conventional design methodology for product development to solve given problems in a structured way. This method is extended by specific approaches under consideration of the 4D printing and smart materials.
To illustrate the developed method, it is implemented in practice using a problem definition in the form of an application example. In this example, which represents the recovery of an object from a difficult-to-access environment, the individual functions of positioning, gripping and extraction are implemented using 4D printing. The material extrusion process is used for additive manufacturing of all components of the example. Finally, the functions are successfully tested. The developed approach offers an innovative and methodical approach to systematically solve technical complex problems using 4DP and smart materials.
This paper presents a system that uses a multi-stage AI analysis method for determining the condition and status of bicycle paths using machine learning methods. The approach for analyzing bicycle paths includes three stages of analysis: detection of the road surface, investigation of the condition of the bicycle paths, and identification of substrate characteristics. In this study, we focus on the first stage of the analysis. This approach employs a low-threshold data collection method using smartphone-generated video data for image recognition, in order to automatically capture and classify surface condition and status.
For the analysis convolutional neural networks (CNN) are employed. CNNs have proven to be effective in image recognition tasks and are particularly well-suited for analyzing the surface condition of bicycle paths, as they can identify patterns and features in images. By training the CNN on a large dataset of images with known surface conditions, the network can learn to identify common features and patterns and reliably classify them.
The results of the analysis are then displayed on digital maps and can be utilized in areas such as bicycle logistics, route planning, and maintenance. This can improve safety and comfort for cyclists while promoting cycling as a mode of transportation. It can also assist authorities in maintaining and optimizing bicycle paths, leading to more sustainable and efficient transportation system.
A Nonlinear FEM Model to Calculate Third-Order Harmonic and Intermodulation in TC-SAW Devices
(2018)
Nonlinearities in Temperature Compensated SAW (TC-SAW) devices in the 2 GHz range are investigated using a nonlinear finite element model by simultaneously considering both third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3)and third harmonic (H3). In the employed perturbation approach, different contributions to the total H3, the direct and indirect contribution, are discussed. H3 and IMD3 measurements were fitted simultaneously using scaling factors for SiO 2 film and Cu electrode nonlinear material tensors in TC-SAW devices. We employ a P-Matrix simulation as intermediate step: Firstly, measurement and nonlinear P-Matrix calculations for finite devices are compared and coefficients of the P-Matrix simulation are determined. The nonlinear tensor data of the different materials involved in periodic nonlinear finite element method (FEM) computations are optimized to fit periodic P-Matrix calculations by introducing scaling factors. Thus, the contribution of different materials to the nonlinear behavior of TC-SAW devices is obtained and the role of materials is discussed.
Many sectors, like finance, medicine, manufacturing, and education, use blockchain applications to profit from the unique bundle of characteristics of this technology. Blockchain technology (BT) promises benefits in trustability, collaboration, organization, identification, credibility, and transparency. In this paper, we conduct an analysis in which we show how open science can benefit from this technology and its properties. For this, we determined the requirements of an open science ecosystem and compared them with the characteristics of BT to prove that the technology suits as an infrastructure. We also review literature and promising blockchain-based projects for open science to describe the current research situation. To this end, we examine the projects in particular for their relevance and contribution to open science and categorize them afterwards according to their primary purpose. Several of them already provide functionalities that can have a positive impact on current research workflows. So, BT offers promising possibilities for its use in science, but why is it then not used on a large-scale in that area? To answer this question, we point out various shortcomings, challenges, unanswered questions, and research potentials that we found in the literature and identified during our analysis. These topics shall serve as starting points for future research to foster the BT for open science and beyond, especially in the long-term.
A Review on Kinetic Energy Harvesting with Focus on 3D Printed Electromagnetic Vibration Harvesters
(2021)
The increasing amount of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and wearables require a reliable energy source. Energy harvesting can power these devices without changing batteries. Three-dimensional printing allows us to manufacture tailored harvesting devices in an easy and fast way. This paper presents the development of hybrid and non-hybrid 3D printed electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters. Various harvesting approaches, their utilised geometry, functional principle, power output and the applied printing processes are shown. The gathered harvesters are analysed, challenges examined and research gaps in the field identified. The advantages and challenges of 3D printing harvesters are discussed. Reported applications and strategies to improve the performance of printed harvesting devices are presented.
Background: Assistive Robotic Arms are designed to assist physically disabled people with daily activities. Existing joysticks and head controls are not applicable for severely disabled people such as people with Locked-in Syndrome. Therefore, eye tracking control is part of ongoing research. The related literature spans many disciplines, creating a heterogeneous field that makes it difficult to gain an overview.
Objectives: This work focuses on ARAs that are controlled by gaze and eye movements. By answering the research questions, this paper provides details on the design of the systems, a comparison of input modalities, methods for measuring the performance of these controls, and an outlook on research areas that gained interest in recent years.
Methods: This review was conducted as outlined in the PRISMA 2020 Statement. After identifying a wide range of approaches in use the authors decided to use the PRISMA-ScR extension for a scoping review to present the results. The identification process was carried out by screening three databases. After the screening process, a snowball search was conducted.
Results: 39 articles and 6 reviews were included in this article. Characteristics related to the system and study design were extracted and presented divided into three groups based on the use of eye tracking.
Conclusion: This paper aims to provide an overview for researchers new to the field by offering insight into eye tracking based robot controllers. We have identified open questions that need to be answered in order to provide people with severe motor function loss with systems that are highly useable and accessible.
In medical applications wireless technologies are not widely spread. Today they are mainly used in non latency-critical applications where reliability can be guaranteed through retransmission protocols and error correction mechanisms. By using retransmission protocols within the disturbed shared wireless channel latency will increase. Therefore retransmission protocols are not sufficient for removing latency-critical wired connections within operating rooms such as foot switches. Todays research aims to improve reliability through the physical characteristics of the wireless channel by using diversity methods and more robust modulation. In this paper an Architecture for building up a reliable network is presented. The Architecture offers the possibility for devices with different reliability, latency and energy consumption requirements to participate. Furthermore reliability, latency and energy consumption are scalable for every single participant.
Decentralized applications (dApp) have proliferated in recent years, but their long-term viability is a topic of debate. However, for dApps to be sustainable, and suitable for integration into a larger service networks, they need to attract users and promise reliable availability. Therefore, assessing their longevity is crucial. Analyzing the utilization trajectory of a service is, however, challenging due to several factors, such as demand spikes, noise, autocorrelation, and non-stationarity. In this study, we employ robust statistical techniques to identify trends in currently popular dApps. Our findings demonstrate that a significant proportion of dApps, across a range of categories, exhibit statistically significant positive overall trends, indicating that success in decentralized computing can be sustainable and transcends specific fields. However, there is also a substantial number of dApps showing negative trends, with a disproportionately high number from the decentralized finance (DeFi) category. Furthermore, a more detailed inspection of time series segments shows a clearly diminishing proportion of positive trends from mid-2021 to the present. In summary, we conclude that the dApp economy might have lost some momentum, and that there is a strong element of uncertainty regarding its future significance.
Voice user interfaces (VUIs) offer an intuitive, fast and convenient way for humans to interact with machines and computers. Yet, whether they’ll be truly successful and find widespread uptake in the near future depends on the user experience (UX) they offer. With this survey-based study (n = 108), we aim to identify the major annoyances German voice assistant users are facing in voice-driven human-computer interactions. The results of our questionnaire show that irritations appear in six categories: privacy issues, unwanted activation, comprehensibility, response quality, conversational design and voice characteristics. Our findings can help identify key areas of work to optimize voice user experience in order to achieve greater adaptation of the technology. In addition, they can provide valuable information for the further development and standardization of voice user experience (VUX) research.
Integrating voice / video communication into business processes can accelerate resolution time, reduce mistakes, and establish a full audit-trail of the interactions. Some VoIP service providers offer website based or plugin based solutions, which are, however, difficult to integrate with other applications. A promising approach to overcome these disadvantages is the development of appropriate Web Services to allow applications interacting with a VoIP system. We propose a generic framework for VoIP applications consisting of an XML-based service specification language and a set of reusable Web Service components. Service providers using the proposed service-oriented architecture can offer to their customers a protocol-neutral Web Service interface, thus enabling the deployment of a general and integrated VoIP solution.
… nicht nur in der Energiewirtschaft, sondern auch im positiven und wahrsten Sinne des Wortes in der Fachgruppe PM Windenergie. In über 40 Jahren GPM wurde immer wieder deutlich, dass Projekte und Programme in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft nicht nur begleitet, sondern auch aus der GPM heraus mitgestaltet werden. Die Entwicklung und die Ergebnisse der Fachgruppe Windenergie machen dies besonders deutlich.
The paper recommends an approach to estimate effectively the probability of buffer overflow in high-speed communication networks, capable of carrying diverse traffic, including self-similar teletraffic, and supporting diverse levels of quality of service. Simulations with stochastic, long-range dependent self-similar traffic source models are conducted. A new efficient algorithm, based on a variant of the RESTART/LRE method, is developed and applied to accelerate the buffer overflow simulation in a finite buffer single server model under long-range dependent self-similar traffic load with different buffer sizes. Numerical examples and simulation results are shown
Achieving Positive Hospitality Experiences through Technology: Findings from Singapore and Malaysia
(2021)
Customers’ experience is one of the most impactful factors in the tourism industry. Only by offering customers an excellent experience is it possible to build and ensure long-term customer loyalty. In today’s world, technology plays a key role in providing customers with an excellent customer experience. This study has the objective of analyzing how a positive customer experience can be achieved, and which technologies are necessary to ensure this. Results were collected through a literature review, and qualitative interviews with managers of selected hotels, as well as of attractions in Malaysia and Singapore. The analysis of these hotels and attractions is based on a set of criteria to determine the extent of the adoption of the new standards that contribute to positive online customer experiences. As a conclusion, different perspectives are compared, and positive and negative aspects of the use of modern technologies in the tourism industry are specified and discussed.
In this paper we suggest to combine the areas of media streaming services, mobile devices, and manufacturing processes to support monitoring, controlling and supervising production processes in order to achieve high levels of efficiency and environmentally friendly production. It contains a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the proposed E-Learning streaming framework, especially the adaption of streaming services to mobile environments. The key components of our approach are 1) an XML-based streaming service specification language, 2) adaption of multimedia E-Learning services to mobile environments, and 3) a media delivery platform for searching, registration, and creation of streaming services for mobile devices.
The technique of laser ultrasonics perfectly meets the need for noncontact, noninvasive, nondestructive mechanical probing of nanometer- to millimeter-size samples. However, this technique is limited to the excitation of low-amplitude strains, below the threshold for optical damage of the sample. In the context of strain engineering of materials, alternative optical techniques enabling the excitation of high-amplitude strains in a nondestructive optical regime are needed. We introduce here a nondestructive method for laser-shock wave generation based on additive superposition of multiple laser-excited strain waves. This technique enables strain generation up to mechanical failure of a sample at pump laser fluences below optical ablation or melting thresholds. We demonstrate the ability to generate nonlinear surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in Nb-SrTiO3 substrates, with associated strains in the percent range and pressures up to 3 GPa at 1 kHz repetition rate and close to 10 GPa for several hundred shocks. This study paves the way for the investigation of a host of high-strain SAW-induced phenomena, including phase transitions in conventional and quantum materials, plasticity and a myriad of material failure modes, chemistry and other effects in bulk samples, thin layers, and two-dimensional materials.
Various rapid prototyping methods have been available for the production of physical architectural models for a few years. This paper highlights in particular the advantages of 3D printing and Fused Layer Modeling for the production of detailed architectural models. In addition, the current challenges for the creation and transfer of CAAD-data are explained. Furthermore, new methods are being developed in order to improve both the technical and economic boundary conditions for the application of 3DP und FLM. This makes the production of models with very detailed interior rooms possible. The internal details are made visible by dividing the complex overall model into individual models connected by means of an innovative plug-in system. In addition, three case studies are shown in which the developed methods are applied in order to implement detailed architectural models. Finally manufacturing time and costs of the architectural models in the three case studies are compared.
Additive manufacturing is a rapidly growing manufacturing process for which many new processes and materials are currently being developed. The biggest advantage is that almost any shape can be produced, while conventional manufacturing methods reach their limits. Furthermore, a lot of material is saved because the part is created in layers and only as much material is used as necessary. In contrast, in the case of machining processes, it is not uncommon for more than half of the material to be removed and disposed of. Recently, new additive manufacturing processes have been on the market that enables the manufacturing of components using the FDM process with fiber reinforcement. This opens up new possibilities for optimizing components in terms of their strength and at the same time increasing sustainability by reducing materials consumption and waste. Within the scope of this work, different types of test specimens are to be designed, manufactured and examined. The test specimens are tensile specimens, which are used both for standardized tensile tests and for examining a practical component from automotive engineering used in student project. This project is a vehicle designed to compete in the Shell Eco-marathon, one of the world’s largest energy efficiency competitions. The aim is to design a vehicle that covers a certain distance with as little fuel as possible. Accordingly, it is desirable to manufacture the components with the lowest possible weight, while still ensuring the required rigidity. To achieve this, the use of fiber-reinforced 3D-printed parts is particularly suitable due to the high rigidity. In particular, the joining technology for connecting conventionally and additively manufactured components is developed. As a result, the economic efficiency was assessed, and guidelines for the design of components and joining elements were created. In addition, it could be shown that the additive manufacturing of the component could be implemented faster and more sustainably than the previous conventional manufacturing.
The fast and cost-effective manufacturing of tools for thermoforming is an essential requirement to shorten the development time of products. Thus, additive processes are used increasingly in tooling for thermoforming of plastic sheets. However, a disadvantage of many additive methods is that they are highly cost-intensive, since complex systems based on laser technology and expensive metal powders are needed. Therefore, this paper examines how to work with favorable additive methods, e.g. Binder Jetting, to manufacture tools, which provide sufficient strength for thermoforming. The use of comparatively low-priced inkjet technology for the layer construction and a polymer plaster as material can be expected to result in significant cost reductions. Based on a case study using a cowling (engine bonnet) for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), the development of a complex tool for thermoforming is demonstrated. The object in this study is to produce a tool for a complex-shaped component in small numbers and high quality in a short time and at reasonable costs. Within the tooling process, integrated vacuum channels are implemented in additive tooling without the need for additional post-processing (for example, drilling). In addition, special technical challenges, such as the demolding of undercuts or the parting of the tool are explained. All process steps from tool design to the use of the additively manufactured tool are analyzed. Based on the manufacturing of a small series of cowlings for a UAV made of plastic sheets (ABS), it is shown, that the Binder Jetting offers sufficient mechanical and thermal strength for additive tooling. In addition, an economic evaluation of the tool manufacturing and a detailed consideration of the required manufacturing times for the different process steps are carried out. Finally, a comparison is made with conventional and alternative additive methods of tooling.
Advanced Truck Load Firm
(2008)
Financing trade and development sustainably will be crucial for Africa. Enhanced collaboration between multilateral development banks, development finance institutions and ECAs could greatly enhance intra-regional trade. Furthermore, setting up a ‘level playing field’ on the continent will allow governments to make strategic interventions for successful export credits and trade finance solutions, fostering growth through trade. African trade is already showing signs of rebounding from the coronavirus- induced recession. Through concerted, co-operative and continent-wide efforts, drawing on the knowledge and resources of all types of institutions and policy experts, Africa will continue to grow confidently and quickly into its increasingly important role as an engine of economic growth and global trade.
All you need is sleep
(2016)
In 21st century, the century when the humanity hopes to embark on interplanetary travel, we are yet to fully reach an understanding of our very own idiosyncratic terra incognita – the human sleep. Sleep is a highly conserved evolutionary process that constitutes approximately one third of our life, and the lack or inadequate sleep may lead to impairment across multiple cognitive domains (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014; Lim and Dinges, 2010). Sleep deprivation also leads to aberrant brain functioning, immunological and metabolic collapse, and if it is sufficiently prolonged it will ultimately lead to death (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014).
There is increasing evidence of central hyperexcitability in chronic whiplash-associated disorders (cWAD). However, little is known about how an apparently simple cervical spine injury can induce changes in cerebral processes. The present study was designed (1) to validate previous results showing alterations of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in cWAD, (2) to test if central hyperexcitability reflects changes in rCBF upon non-painful stimulation of the neck, and (3) to verify our hypothesis that the missing link in understanding the underlying pathophysiology could be the close interaction between the neck and midbrain structures. For this purpose, alterations of rCBF were explored in a case-control study using H215O positron emission tomography, where each group was exposed to four different conditions, including rest and different levels of non-painful electrical stimulation of the neck. rCBF was found to be elevated in patients with cWAD in the posterior cingulate and precuneus, and decreased in the superior temporal, parahippocampal, and inferior frontal gyri, the thalamus and the insular cortex when compared with rCBF in healthy controls. No differences in rCBF were observed between different levels of electrical stimulation. The alterations in regions directly involved with pain perception and interoceptive processing indicate that cWAD symptoms might be the consequence of a mismatch during the integration of information in brain regions involved in pain processing.
Rubber materials are characterized by a variety of inelasticities such as softening behavior, hysteresis loops and permanent set. In order to calculate the inelastic material behavior, constitutive models, that describe rubber as a homogeneous continuum, have to make use of damping or friction elements.
On the nanoscale, there is no need to adopt such rheological models. Inelastic material behavior can be explained and simulated by a continuous rearrangement of bonds, in particular, the van der Waals interactions, and by the polymer chains transitioning between cis and trans equilibrium torsion angles. The discrete molecular dynamics simulations presented in this paper are performed in an explicit FEM environment using nonlinear but elastic force field potentials. From a structural mechanics point of view, topological changes of the polymer network can be interpreted as a sequence of local material instability problems due to negative tangential bond stiffnesses.
In order to obtain representative results within reasonable computational time, the model is optimized with respect to the number of atoms and the loading velocity. It is shown that by increasing the model size, the stress–strain curves become independent of both the atoms initial state and the strain amplitudes.
The aim of this paper is to identify indicators at country level that could prove useful in improving the effectiveness of fraud detection in European Structural and Investment Funds. We analyse data for 454 funds, belonging to the period 2014-2020, from the 28 countries that were members of the European Union in 2014. Explanatory results suggest the convenience of tracking funds, especially in countries with higher GDP and higher transparency levels, and the lesser relevance of the number of irregularities for countries with higher GDP and those receiving larger funds. Fraud and fraud detection rates in individual funds vary significantly across states. Federal states, such as the Federal Republic of Germany, are comparatively successful in detecting fraud in EU funds.
Synergieprognosen spielen bei der Begründung von Unternehmensübernahmen regelmäßig eine wichtige Rolle. Da diese Prognosen unsicher sind, bedürfen sie einer fundierten Beurteilung, was wiederum eine offene Diskussion innerhalb von Vorstand und Aufsichtsrat voraussetzt. Solche Diskussionen sind jedoch keine Selbstverständlichkeit, da Gruppen dazu neigen, problematische Entscheidungsaspekte nicht angemessen zu würdigen. Mit dem Tornado-Diagramm wird ein Instrument vorgestellt, das diesem Effekt entgegenwirkt und die Entscheider dazu motiviert, auch ungünstige Synergieprognosen zu diskutieren. Auf diese Weise kann die Übernahmeentscheidung auf eine bessere Informationsgrundlage gestellt werden.
We revisit the quantitative analysis of the ultrafast magnetoacoustic experiment in a freestanding nickel thin film by Kim and Bigot [J.-W. Kim and J.-Y. Bigot, Phys. Rev. B 95, 144422 (2017)] by applying our recently proposed approach of magnetic and acoustic eigenmode decomposition. We show that the application of our modeling to the analysis of time-resolved reflectivity measurements allows for the determination of amplitudes and lifetimes of standing perpendicular acoustic phonon resonances with unprecedented accuracy. The acoustic damping is found to scale as ∝ω2 for frequencies up to 80 GHz, and the peak amplitudes reach 10−3. The experimentally measured magnetization dynamics for different orientations of an external magnetic field agrees well with numerical solutions of magnetoelastically driven magnon harmonic oscillators. Symmetry-based selection rules for magnon-phonon interactions predicted by our modeling approach allow for the unambiguous discrimination between spatially uniform and nonuniform modes, as confirmed by comparing the resonantly enhanced magnetoelastic dynamics simultaneously measured on opposite sides of the film. Moreover, the separation of timescales for (early) rising and (late) decreasing precession amplitudes provide access to magnetic (Gilbert) and acoustic damping parameters in a single measurement.
Das vermutlich wichtigste Tatbestandsmerkmal der Business Judgment Rule ist das Vorliegen einer angemessenen Informationsgrundlage. Sie gilt dann als erreicht, wenn ein Geschäftsleiter vernünftigerweise annehmen darf, dass die Verbesserung einer gegebenen Informationsqualität den dafür erforderlichen Aufwand an Zeit bzw. Geld nicht rechtfertigt. Implizit wird hierbei vorausgesetzt, dass man verschiedene Ausmaße an Zeit, Geld und Informationsqualität unterscheiden kann. Für den Zeit- und Geldaufwand stimmt das auch, aber wie stuft man die Informationsqualität ab? Im Beitrag wird für prognosebezogene Informationen ein entsprechender Vorschlag gemacht.
Surface acoustic waves are propagated toward the edge of an anisotropic elastic medium (a silicon crystal), which supports leaky waves with a high degree of localization at the tip of the edge. At an angle of incidence corresponding to phase matching with this leaky wedge wave, a sharp peak in the reflection coefficient of the surface wave was found. This anomalous reflection is associated with efficient excitation of the leaky wedge wave. In laser ultrasound experiments, surface acoustic wave pulses were excited and their reflection from the edge of the sample and their partial conversion into leaky wedge wave pulses was observed by optical probe-beam deflection. The reflection scenario and the pulse shapes of the surface and wedge-localized guided waves, including the evolution of the acoustic pulse traveling along the edge, have been confirmed in detail by numerical simulations.
Ansatzpunkte zur Verknüpfung von Wertmanagement und Wertemanagement aus Sicht der Führungspraxis
(2014)
Anschaffungskosten
(2015)
The present-day methods of numerical simulation offer a great variety of options for optimizing metal forming processes. Although it is possible to simulate complex forming processes, the results are typically available only as 2D projections on screens. Some forming processes have reached a level of complexity beyond the level of spatial sense, which makes it necessary to use physical 3D representations to develop a deeper understanding of the material flow, microstructural processes, process and design limits, or to design the required tooling. Physical 3D models can be produced in a short amount of time using 3D printing, and indexed with a wide range of colors. In this paper, the additive manufacturing of 3D color models based on simulation results are explored by means of examples from metal forming. Different 3D-printing processes are compared on the basis of quality as well as technical and economic criteria. Other examples from the fields joining by upset-bulging of tubes and microstructure simulation are also analyzed. This paper discusses the possibilities offered by the rapid progress and wide availability of 3D printers for the design and optimization of complex metal forming processes.
Today, thermoforming moulds are mostly produced using conventional mould-building technologies (e.g. milling and drilling) and are made of metal (e.g. aluminium or steel) or hardwood. The tools thus produced are very robust, but are only cost-effective in mass production. For the production of small batches of thermoformed parts, there is a need for moulds which can be produced quickly and economically. A new approach which significantly reduces the production time and cost is the 3D printing process (3DP). The use of this technology to produce thermoforming moulds offers many new options in the geometries which can be manufactured, and in manufacturing time and costs. In a case study of a thermoformed part (a scaled automotive model), the pre-processing of the CAD model of a mould is demonstrated. The mould can be printed within a few hours, and is sufficiently heat-resistant for moulding processes. The important advantages of moulds printed in 3D, in comparison to moulds built using conventional technologies, are the ability to create any shape of channels for the vacuum and the simplification in the production of tool mock-ups. This paper also discusses the economics of the technique, such as a comparison of material costs and manufacturing costs in relation to conventional production technologies and materials.
Recently a P-matrix and COM formalism was presented, which predicts third order intermodulation (IMD3) and triple beat with good accuracy and needs only a single nonlinearity constant. This formalism describes frequency dependence correctly. In this work the dependence of this nonlinearity constant on metalization ratio is investigated for aluminum metalization on LiTaO 3 (YXl)/42°. By comparison to test devices the nonlinearity constant is shown to be largely independent of metalization ratio. The nonlinear effect, however, strongly depends on metalization ratio, which is well described by the model. The linearity of a duplexer is optimized by reduction of metalization ratio and redesign of Tx branch topology.
4D printing (4DP) is an evolutionary step of 3D printing, which includes the fourth dimension, in this case the time. In different time steps the printed structure shows different shapes, influenced by external stimuli like light, temperature, pH value, electric or magnetic field. The advantage of 4DP is the solution of technical problems without the need for complex internal energy supply via cables or pipes. Previous approaches to 4D printing with magnetoresponsive materials only use materials with limited usability (e.g. hydrogels) and complex programming during the manufacturing process (e.g. using magnets on the nozzle). The 4D printing using unmagnetized particles and the later magnetization allows the use of a standard 3D printer and has the advantage of being easily reproducible and relatively inexpensive for further application. Therefore, a magnetoresponsive feedstock filament is produced which shows elastic and magnetic properties. In a first step, pellets are produced by compounding polymer with magnetic particles. In a second step, those pellets are extruded in form of filament. This filament is printed using a conventional printing system for Material Extrusion (MEX-TRB/P). Various prototypes have been printed, deformed and magnetized, which is called programming. In comparison to shape memory polymers (SMP) the repeatability of the movement is better. The results show the possibilities of application and function of magnetoresponsive materials. In addition, an understanding of the behaviour of this novel material is achieved.
Application of Polymer Plaster Composites in Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Components
(2015)
Today, 3D-printing with polymer plaster composites is a common method in Additive Manufacturing. This technique has proven to be especially suitable for the production of presentation models, due to the low cost of materials and the possibility to produce color-models. But nowadays it requires refinishing through the manual application of a layer of resin. However, the strength of these printed components is very limited, as the applied resin only penetrates a thin edge layer on the surface. This paper develops a new infiltration technique that allows for a significant increase in the strength of the 3D-printed component. For this process, the components are first dehydrated in a controlled two-tier procedure, before they are then penetrated with high-strength resin. The infiltrate used in this process differs significantly from materials traditionally used for infiltration. The result is an almost complete penetration of the components with high-strength infiltrate. As the whole process is computer-integrated, the results are also easier to reproduce, compared to manual infiltration. On the basis of extensive material testing with different testing specimen and testing methods, it can be demonstrated that a significant increase in strength and hardness can be achieved. Finally, this paper also considers the cost and energy consumption of this new infiltration method. As a result of this new technology, the scope of applicability of 3D-printing can be extended to cases that require significantly more strength, like the production of tools for the shaping of metals or used for the molding of plastics. Furthermore, both the process itself and the parameters used are monitored and can be optimized to individual requirements and different fields of application.
A number of design rules must be adhered to in the development and manufacturing of unmanned aerial vehicles. In this, additive manufacturing, particularly in the implementation of requirements with respect to light-weight construction and sustainability, offers several advantages compared to conventional manufacturing methods. Therefore, this article will primarily introduce and compare current concepts for sustainable design using additive manufacturing. These will, above all, consist of the production of complete fuselages and wings by means of rapid prototyping or also rapid tooling. In addition, a new concept will be introduced in which a UAV using AM can be implemented through the combination of very light components and a preferably resource-saving manufacturing method. In this process, a three-dimensional spaceframe is used in combination with a covering in the construction of the wing. Hereby, the development process for sustainable design using additive manufacturing will be analyzed and the results will be explained by means of concrete case studies. In conclusion, the results of these case studies will be compared to the latest technology regarding wing span load.
Applying Annual Reports
(2011)
To successfully support private sector development in Africa by the use of trade and export promotion instruments, a comprehensive policy framework is crucial. Different institutional setups for development support show different levels of resilience and effectiveness in coping with the economic conditions they are exposed to. However, there is strong evidence that managing the interplay of three fundamental building blocks – public policy, focus areas, strategic objectives and critical success factors as well as institutions, is the key to crafting sustainable and responsive economies. Export plays a significant role in the national economy, and innovative and integrated government financing instruments have to successfully support the competitiveness of national companies in the global economy. Financing and supporting foreign trade with private businesses in Africa occupies a pivotal role, impacting from new product development and job creation in developed countries through economic growth and human development in African countries.
Das Buch stellt ein ausgereiftes System von etwa 3000 Textbausteinen bereit. Mit ihrer Hilfe lassen sich in rationeller Weise die gewünschten wahren Aussagen und Wertungen für ein verständig-wohlwollendes Zeugnis zusammenstellen. Die Textbausteine ermöglichen es dem Personalverantwortlichen ebenso wie dem Bewerber, ein Zeugnis im Rahmen des Bewerbungsverfahrens einwandfrei zu analysieren und so Fehlentscheidungen zu vermeiden.
Die Textbausteine gliedern sich in die Rubriken
•Überschrift und Einleitung
•Aufgabenbeschreibung
•Leistungsbeurteilung
•Sozialverhalten
•Beendigungsformel
•Dankes-Bedauern-Formel
•Zukunftswünsche
Das Praktikerbuch bietet darüber hinaus eine detaillierte Einführung zur Formulierung und Analyse von Zeugnissen. Beurteilungsbögen runden das Werk ab.
Für die 12. Auflage wurde Teil I überarbeitet und um neuere Erfahrungen der Verfasser aus der Analyse von Originalzeugnissen und aus Zeugnis-Seminaren erweitert. Die Autoren haben neuere gerichtliche Entscheidungen eingearbeitet sowie das Textbausteinsystem weiter verbessert und um neue Bausteine ergänzt. Schließlich wurden die Beurteilungsbögen noch stärker an die Bedürfnisse der Praxis angepasst.
In safety critical applications wireless technologies are not widely spread. This is mainly due to reliability and latency requirements. In this paper a new wireless architecture is presented which will allow for customizing the latency and reliability for every single participant within the network. The architecture allows for building up a network of inhomogeneous participants with different reliability and latency requirements. The used TDMA scheme with TDD as duplex method is acting gentle on resources. Therefore participants with different processing and energy resources are able to participate.
The applicability of finite elements for molecular dynamic simulations depends on both the structure’s dimensions and the underlying force field type. Shell and continuum elements describe molecular structures only in an average sense, which is why they are not subject of this paper. In contrast, truss and beam elements are potentially attractive candidates when it comes to accurately reproducing the atomic interactions. However, special considerations are required for force fields that use not only two-body, but also multi-body potentials. For the example of bending and torsion energies it is shown how standard beam element models have to be extended to be equivalent to classical molecular dynamic simulations.
Jeder redet heutzutage von Digitalisierung. Und dass Unternehmen unter Digitalisierungsdruck stehen, ist ein geflügeltes Wort. Aber was heißt das konkret? Welche Aufgaben stellen sich Führungskräften und welche Lösungsansätze gibt es dafür? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, klärt das Buch zunächst die Begriffe „Digitalisierung“ und „Management“. Auf dieser begrifflichen Grundlage werden dann wichtige Aspekte des Managements der Digitalisierung analysiert. Experten aus Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft zeigen, wie sich der Kundennutzen optimieren lässt, wie maschinelles Lernen das Entscheiden unterstützt und wie man virtuelle Realität im Unternehmen praktisch einsetzen kann. Vorgestellt werden außerdem neue Entwicklungen in Regulatorik und Berichtswesen sowie Möglichkeiten der IT-gestützten Wirtschaftsförderung. Führungskräfte erhalten so eine Fülle wertvoller Anregungen, um ihre Unternehmen längerfristig noch erfolgreicher zu machen.
As a university it is more and more difficult to reach all target groups equally. Common problems like information overload, numerous institutions with same focuses or multi-channel-communication make it hard to gain the attention of the target group. This paper is four-fold: we present an overview of the state of art and the importance of the study (I), based on which we highlight the approach to user experience analysis. First, we identified the irritations in the course of an expert evaluation (II) and verified them within the test, including the target groups (III). Finally, based on the results, we were able to pro-vide recommendations for action to improve the UX and to be used for the conception of an intranet (IV).
IoT-Plattformen stellen ein zentrales Element für die Vernetzung von physischen Objekten und die Bereitstellung deren Daten für digitale Zwillinge dar. Der Markt für solche Plattformen ist in den vergangenen Jahren stark gewachsen. Bei inzwischen über 600 Anbietern ist die Wahl der „richtigen“ Plattform für das eigene Unternehmen keine triviale Aufgabe mehr. Dieser Beitrag soll Unternehmen im Auswahlprozess unterstützen, indem gängige Funktionen von IoT-Plattformen und Kriterien für die Auswahl von IoT-Plattformen aufgezeigt werden.
Innovation ist die Triebfeder wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung. Niemand hat das so früh erkannt und so klar formuliert wie Joseph Schumpeter: „Der fundamentale Antrieb, der die kapitalistische Maschine in Bewegung setzt und hält, kommt von den neuen Konsumgütern, den neuen Produktions- oder Transportmethoden, den neuen Märkten, den neuen Formen der industriellen Organisation, welche die kapitalistische Unternehmung schafft.“
Die Literatur hat in den letzten Jahren einen breiten Diskurs zur Digitalisierung im Rechnungswesen eröffnet. Während die erste Digitalisierungswelle noch grundlegende Digitalisierungsprozesse umfasste, betrifft die zweite Digitalisierungswelle das Unternehmen in seiner Gesamtheit und geht weit über eine digitale Datenverarbeitung hinaus. Digitalisierung reicht daher von der Anwendung grundlegender digitaler Technologien zur Unterstützung von Geschäftsprozessen über Automatisierung betrieblicher Prozesse bis hin zu einer umfassenden digitalen Transformation des gesamten Unternehmens.
Material flow simulation is a core technology of Industry 4.0. It can analyze and improve large-scale production systems through experimentation with digital simulation models. However, modeling in discrete event simulation is considered as an effortful and time-consuming activity and challenges especially small and medium-sized enterprises. Systematic experiments and what-if-analysis require a large number of models. Modeling and simulation becomes a repetitive activity and the ability to model and simulate instantly becomes crucial for industry, 4.0. However, model generation typically uses specific methods to build models with individual properties for specific physical systems. A general literature review cannot sufficiently describe the current state of model generation. This study aims to provide an analysis of model generation based on the modeling strategy, modeling view, and production system type, as well as model properties and limitations.
Medical devices accompany our everyday life and come across in situations of worse condition, in significant moments concerning the health or during routine checkups. To ensure flawless operations and error-free results it is essential to test applications and devices. High risks for patient’s health come with operating errors [33] so that the presented research project, called Professional UX, identifies signals and irritations caused by the interaction with a certain device by analyzing mimic, voice and eye tracking data during user experience tests. Besides, this paper will provide information on typical errors of interactive applications which are based on an empirical lab-based survey and the evaluated results achieved. The pictured proceeding of user experience tests and the following analysis can also be applied to other fields and serves as a support for the optimization of products and systems.
Vom Tragverhalten und von der Geometrie (eben oder gekrümmt, linien- oder flächenhaft ausgeprägt) her unterscheidet man Sandwich-Balken, Sandwich-Platten, -Scheiben und -Schalen. Im Normalfall hat man ein Zusammenwirken aus drei Schichten: Den zug- bzw. druckaufnehmenden Deckschichten und der schubbelasteten Kernschicht. Die Klebverbindung von Kern- und der jeweiligen Deckschicht hat mindestens die kraftübertragende Eigenschaft der schwächsten Schicht (d.h. der Schicht mit dem kleinsten E-Modul) aufzuweisen. Dies ist in der Regel die Kernschicht. Diese Eigenschaft der Verklebung muss über die Lebensdauer des Tragwerkes erhalten bleiben. Bei rein statischer Belastung sind die Verklebung in ihrer Zeitfestigkeit und das Lastkriechen der schubaufnehmenden Kernschicht zu beachten. Bei dynamischer Belastung sind die entsprechenden Wöhler-Kurven zu beachten. Viele Klebstoffe sind dynamisch belastbar. Wenn man die Festigkeits- und Steifigkeitsberechnung durchführen möchte, kann die so genannte exakte Berechnungsmethode über gekoppelte partielle Differenzialgleichungen zum Ziel führen. Neben der Berechnung der Verformungen und Spannungen infolge Platten- und Scheibenwirkung kommen bei hochbelasteten gekrümmten Sandwich-Bauteilen auch die Koppelgleichungen von Platte und Scheibe zur Schale hinzu. Außerdem kommt bei dünnen, unter Druck stehenden Deckschichten die Abschätzung der Knitterspannungen hinzu, die ja nach der Bettung der Deckschicht auf der Kernschicht weitestgehend von der Dehnsteifigkeit der Kernschicht abhängt. Seit den 60-er Jahren hat sich die Finite-Elemente-Methode als eine computergestützte Berechnungsmethode etabliert, die zwar als Näherungsmethode definiert ist aber eine hervorragende Genauigkeit in der Spannungs- und Steifigkeitsberechnung bietet.
Besonderes Außensteuerrecht
(2014)
Bei Arbeitszeugnisse und Personalbeurteilungen können viele Fehler auftreten. Die Objektivität des Beurteilers und des Lesers, ihre Meßgenauigkeit und letztlich die Validität des Zeugnisses können beeinträchtigt sein. Bei der Zeugniserstellung und -verwendung sind zahlreiche Fehler und Kombinationen möglich. Die Struktur dieser Fehler wird detailliert aufgezeigt. Trotz der aufgezeigten Mängel hält die Praxis am Zeugnis als Informationsmittel fest. Es gibt keinen Idealweg der Personalauswahl. Die Qualität der Personalauswahl verbessert sich durch einen Methodenmix verschiedener Mittel, in den auch das Arbeitszeugnis gehört.
Um eine gleichbleibende Mahrspalthoehe und gleichmaessige Lastverteilung waehrend des Betriebes zu erreichen, werden Mahlwalzen bombiert hergestellt. Das theoretische Bombierungsprofil wird aus der elastischen Walzenverformung bei gegebener Belastung abgeleitet. Die Verformung kann mit Finiten Elementen berechnet werden. Werden zwei Walzen mit zylindrischer Oberflaeche gegeneinander gedrueckt, so ergibt sich ein nichtlinearer Kontakt. Die Druckverteilung laengs der Walze laesst sich unter Hinzunahme von Einflusszahlen mit Hilfe eines linearen Gleichungssystems ermitteln. Die Autoren untersuchen mit diesem Berechnungsverfahren die Wirkungen unterschiedlicher Bombierungen und den Einfluss von veraenderter Anpresskraft. (Rohlf)
Disruptive innovations can solve major global challenges. However, the system in Germany does not sufficiently favor the development of such innovations. The disruptive output of leading nations like the United States puts increasing pressure on Germany’s innovation leadership. The German innovation agency SPRIND was founded in 2019 and is a suitable instrument to promote disruptive innovations. The SPRIND itself cites the American innovation agency DARPA, which has been promoting disruptive innovations since 1958, a role model. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of DARPA and SPRIND. To answer the research question, secondary sources were used. In addition, two expert interviews were conducted with employees of SPRIND. The result of this paper is a systematic comparison that identifies the key differences and similarities between the two agencies. SPRIND is based on DARPA in key success factors, such as the person-centered approach, funding instruments or risk management. However, compared to DARPA, SPRIND has a major disadvantage; namely several administrative hurdles which inhibit agile action.
Efficient collaborative robotic applications need a combination of speed and separation monitoring, and power and force limiting operations. While most collaborative robots have built-in sensors for power and force limiting operations, there are none with built-in sensor systems for speed and separation monitoring. This paper proposes a system for speed and separation monitoring directly from the gripper of the robot. It can monitor separation distances of up to three meters. We used single-pixel Time-of-Flight sensors to measure the separation distance between the gripper and the next obstacle perpendicular to it. This is the first system capable of measuring separation distances of up to three meters directly from the robot's gripper.
Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is a technology for automating business processes and connecting systems by means of software robots in organizations that is gaining traction and growing out of its infancy. Thus, it is no longer just a question of what is technologically feasible, but rather how this technology can be used most profitably. However, business models for RPA remain underinvestigated in literature. Existing work is highly heterogenous, lacking structure and applicability in practice. To close this gap, we present an approach to sustainably establish RPA as a driver of digitization and automation within a company based on an iterative, holistic view of business models with the Business Model Canvas as analysis tool.
Besides of conventional CAD systems, new, cloud-based CAD systems have also been available for some years. These CAD systems designed according to the principle of software as a service (SaaS) differ in some important features from the conventional CAD systems. Thus, these CAD systems are operated via a browser and it is not necessary to install the software on a computer. The CAD-data is stored in the cloud and not on a local computer or central server. This new approach should also facilitate the sharing and management of data. Finally, many of these new CAD systems are available as freeware for education purposes, so the universities can save license costs. This contribution examines newly developed, cloud-based CAD systems. In the context of a case study, the application of these new CAD systems are investigated in the training of engineers in design education. Thus, the students compare a conventional and a cloud-based CAD system as part of an exercise of designing and 3D modelling of a pinion shaft. Subsequently, the students manufacture a drawing with different views of the pinion shaft. This assessment evaluates different criteria such as user-friendliness, tutorial support and installation effort.
In order to attract new students, German universities must provide quick and easy access to relevant information. A chatbot can help increase the efficiency in academic advising for prospective students. In this study we evaluate the acceptance and effects of chatbots in German student-university communication. We conducted a qualitative UX-Study with the chatbot prototype of Offenburg University of Applied Sciences (HSO), in order to determine which features are particularly relevant and which requirements are made by the users. The results show that acceptance increases if the chatbot offers quick and adequate assistance, furthermore, our participants preferred an informal communication style and valued friendly and helpful personality traits for chatbots.
Differentiation between human and non-human objects can increase efficiency of human-robot collaborative applications. This paper proposes to use convolutional neural networks for classifying objects in robotic applications. The body temperature of human beings is used to classify humans and to estimate the distance to the sensor. Using image classification with convolutional neural networks it is possible to detect humans in the surroundings of a robot up to five meters distance with low-cost and low-weight thermal cameras. Using transfer learning technique we trained the GoogLeNet and MobilenetV2. Results show accuracies of 99.48 % and 99.06 % respectively.
The aim of this essay is to give a systematic review of the literature. Climate change is omnipresent and manifests itself in a steady increase in global warming. This trend was triggered as a reaction to increasing emissions in the course of industrialization. Climate finance is generally understood to be the provision of public, private, and alternative sources of finance that represent measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Significant commitments to support developing countries by developed countries have been manifested in the UNFCC climate framework and the Paris Climate Agreement. Funding from public and private sources increased to a total of $540 billion in 2019. Whether multilateral or bilateral, the largest share is provided in the form of loans to the target countries.
CNN-based deep learning models for disease detection have become popular recently. We compared the binary classification performance of eight prominent deep learning models: DenseNet 121, DenseNet 169, DenseNet 201, EffecientNet b0, EffecientNet lite4, GoogleNet, MobileNet, and ResNet18 for their binary classification performance on combined Pulmonary Chest Xrays dataset. Despite the widespread application in different fields in medical images, there remains a knowledge gap in determining their relative performance when applied to the same dataset, a gap this study aimed to address. The dataset combined Shenzhen, China (CH) and Montgomery, USA (MC) data. We trained our model for binary classification, calculated different parameters of the mentioned models, and compared them. The models were trained to keep in mind all following the same training parameters to maintain a controlled comparison environment. End of the study, we found a distinct difference in performance among the other models when applied to the pulmonary chest Xray image dataset, where DenseNet169 performed with 89.38 percent and MobileNet with 92.2 percent precision.
As a reaction to the increasing market dynamics and complex requirements, today’s products need to be developed quickly and customized to the customer’s individual needs. In the past, CAD systems are mainly used to visualize the model that the product designer creates. Generative Design shifts the task of the CAD program by actively participating in the shaping process. This results in more design options and the complexity of the shapes and geometries increases significantly. This potential can be optimally exploited through the combination of Generative Design with Additive Manufacturing (AM). Artificial intelligence and the input of target parameters generate geometries, for example, by creating material for stressed areas, which in turn develops biomorphic shapes and thus significantly reduces the consumption of resources. This contribution aims at the evaluation of existing applications in CAD systems for generative design. Special attention is paid to the requirements in design education and easy access for students. For this purpose, three representative CAD systems are selected and analyzed with the help of a comprehensive example of mass reduction. The aim is to perform an individual result analysis in order to assess the application based on various criteria. By using different materials, the influence of the material for the generation is investigated by comparing the material distribution. By comparing the generated models, differences of the CAD systems can be identified and possible fields of application can be presented. By specifying the manufacturing parameters for the generation of the models, the feasibility of AM can be guaranteed without having to modify the results. The physical implementation of the example by means of Fused Deposition Modeling demonstrates this in an exemplary way and examines the interface of the Generative Design and AM. The results of this contribution will enable an evaluation of the different CAD systems for Generative Design according to technical, visual and economic aspects.
Additive manufacturing with plastics enables the production of lightweight and resilient components with a high degree of design freedom. In the low-cost sector, Material Extrusion as Fused Layer Modeling (FLM) has so far been the leading method, as it offers simple 3D printers and a variety of inexpensive 3D materials. However, printing times for 6FLM are very long and dimensional accuracy and surface finish are rather poor. Recently, new processes from the field of Vat Polymerization have appeared on the market, such as masked Stereolithography (mSLA), which offer a significant improvement in component quality and build speed at equally favorable machine costs.
This paper therefore analyzes the technical and economic capabilities of the two competing additive processes. For this purpose, the achievable dimensional and surface qualities are determined using a test specimen which represents various important geometry elements. In addition, the machine and material costs are determined and compared with each other. Finally, the resulting environmental impact is determined in the form of the CO2 footprint. In order to optimize the strength of the printed components, material properties of the tensile specimens produced additively with mSLA are determined. The use of ABS-like resins will also be investigated to determine optimal processing settings.