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Vom Studenten zum Chef
(2016)
Dos and Don’ts im Dashboard-Design: Wie Eyetracking-Verfahren bei der Datenvisualisierung helfen
(2016)
Transthoracic impedance cardiography (ICG) is a non-invasive method for determination of hemodynamic parameters. The basic principle of transthoracic ICG is the measurement of electrical conductivity of the thorax over the time. The aim of the study was the analysis of hemodynamic parameters from healthy individuals and the evaluation of various hemodynamic monitoring devices. Fourteen men (mean age 25 ± 4.59 years) and twelve women (mean age 24 ± 3.5 years) were measured during the cardiovascular engineering laboratory at Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany. The ICG recordings were measured with the devices CardioScreen 1000, CardioScreen 2000 and TensoScreen with the corresponding Software Cardiovascular Lab 2.5 (Medis Medizinische Messtechnik GmbH, Illmenau, Germany). In order to create identical frame conditions, all measurements were recorded in the same position and for the same duration. Various positions were simulated from horizontal lying position to vertical standing position. Altogether, more than 30 hemodynamic parameters were measured.
This paper focuses on appropriately measuring the accuracy of forecasts of load behavior and renewable generation in micro-grid operation. Common accuracy measures like the root mean square of the error are often difficult to interpret for system design, as they describe the mean accuracy of the forecast. Micro-grid systems, however, have to be designed to handle also worst case situations. This paper therefore suggests two error measures that are based on the maximum function and that better allow understanding worst case requirements with respect to balancing power and balancing energy supply.
There is a growing trend for the use of thermo-active building systems (TABS) for the heating and cooling of buildings, because these systems are known to be very economical and efficient. However, their control is complicated due to the large thermal inertia, and their parameterization is time-consuming. With conventional TABS-control strategies, the required thermal comfort in buildings can often not be maintained, particularly if the internal heat sources are suddenly changed. This paper shows measurement results and evaluations of the operation of a novel adaptive and predictive calculation method, based on a multiple linear regression (AMLR) for the control of TABS. The measurement results are compared with the standard TABS strategy. The results show that the electrical pump energy could be reduced by more than 86%. Including the weather adjustment, it could be demonstrated that thermal energy savings of over 41% could be reached. In addition, the thermal comfort could be improved due to the possibility to specify mean room set-point temperatures. With the AMLR, comfort category I of the comfort norms ISO 7730 and DIN EN 15251 are observed in about 95% of occasions. With the standard TABS strategy, only about 24% are within category I.
Adaptive predictive control of thermo-active building systems (TABS) based on a multiple regression algorithm: First practical test. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305903009_Adaptive_predictive_control_of_thermo-active_building_systems_TABS_based_on_a_multiple_regression_algorithm_First_practical_test [accessed Jul 7, 2017].
The humanoid Sweaty was the finalist in this year’s robocup soccer championship(adult size). For the optimization of the gait and the stability, data concerning forces and torques in the ankle joints would be helpful. In the following paper the development of a six-axis force and torque sensor for the humanoid robot Sweaty is described. Since commercial sensors do not meet the demands for the sensors in Sweatys ankle joints, a new sensor was developed. As a measuring devices we used strain gauges and custom electronics based on an acam PS09. The geometry was analyzed with the FEM program ANSYS to get optimal dimensions for the measuring beams. In addition ANSYS was used to optimize the position for the strain gauges on the beam.
We herein present a topology design method based on local optimality criteria which has been implemented in an open source Navier-Stokes solver for turbulent flows. Our method aims for the fast generation of geometry proposals in the early conceptual phase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first local criteria approach utilizing a wall function turbulence model in order to consider turbulent flows. In order to allow for the growth as well as the shrinkage, or even the formation or disappearance of structural features, a topological approach is chosen. By introducing a volume fraction parameter, we distinguish between fluid and solid properties in each control volume. The fluid-solid interface is represented by an immersed boundary method using a piecewise linear surface reconstruction.
Aufgrund der zunehmenden Bedeutung von E-Prüfungen an Hochschulen und Universitäten werden Lösungen benötigt, die eine einfache, schnelle und sichere Nutzung von bestehenden Poolräumen für verschiedene Prüfungsszenarien ermöglichen. Das Projekt bwLehrpool hat in der Vergangenheit gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe von Virtualisierung eine große Anzahl an unterschiedlichen, individualisierten Lehrumgebungen flexibel und räumlich unabhängig verteilt werden kann. Im nächsten Schritt sollen nun Erweiterungen entwickelt werden, die diese Flexibilität auch für elektronische Prüfungen nutzbar macht. Dabei gilt es vor allem, die Vorteile, wie z.B. die Nutzung von Softwareunterstützung für realitätsnahe Aufgabenstellungen, mit der Notwendigkeit nach größtmöglicher Sicherheit und schneller Umrüstzeit der Infrastruktur in Einklang zu bringen. Um den aktuellen Entwicklungsstand zu testen, wurde im Wintersemester 2015/2016 an der Hochschule Offenburg eine E-Prüfung unter bwLehrpool durch über 140 Studierende durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Anforderungen bisher erfolgreich umgesetzt werden konnten, allerdings noch mehr manueller Aufwand nötig ist, als gewünscht. Der Ablauf soll in Zukunft weiter vereinfacht und verstetigt werden.
Components of rocket engines as actively cooled combustion chambers must withstand high pressure as well as severe and complex thermal transients. While the thermal transients result in temperature gradients and, thus, in constraint thermal strains, the pressure load induces mean stresses. To assess the mechanical behaviour of such components during design via finite-element calculations, constitutive models are necessary that describe the time- and temperature-dependent plasticity of the material appropriately.
Advanced models account for viscoplastic deformations including isotropic and kinematic hardening, recovery and ratcheting. However, the models contain a relatively large number of temperature-dependent material properties that must be determined on the basis of data of material tests. The determination of the properties is a non-trivial task because it is not clear which loading history must be applied in the tests for a certain material to obtain stable and robust (i.e. objective) material properties. Consequently, the determined properties are depending on the underlying loading history in the tests as well as on the experience and valuation of the person that determined the properties. This results in uncertainties during the assessment of the components that must be faced with conservative designs leading to negative consequences in terms of mass and costs.
It is the aim of this work funded by the European Space Agency ESA to derive a procedure to determine stable and robust material properties of an advanced viscoplastic constitutive model for aerospace materials. To this end, a special loading history is applied in isothermal material tests conducted with copper at different temperatures in the temperature range from 300 to 700 K. To determine the material properties and to assess stability and robustness methods for numerical optimization as well as analytical and statistical methods are used. The determined material properties are validated on the basis of results of thermomechanical material tests also conducted in the temperature range from 300 to 700 K.
Mit der Messung des Wärme- und Kälteverbrauchs im Labor gelingt es, sowohl thermisch träge als auch agile Flächentemperiersysteme unter praxisnahen, dynamischen Bedingungen messtechnisch zu bewerten. Werden Nutzwärme- und Nutzkältebedarf berechnet und ins Verhältnis zu den gemessenen Verbräuchen gesetzt, können die Aufwandzahlen für die Nutzenübergabe ece für verschiedene Flächentemperiersysteme und in Kombinationen mit anderen Übergabesystemen unter verschiedenen Nutzungsbedingungen und für unterschiedliche Betriebsführungsstrategien bestimmt werden. Damit stehen Aufwandszahlen auf Basis kalorischer Messungen zur Verfügung, die je nach Aufgabenstellung entweder produkt- oder objektbezogen in der Planung komplexer Energiekonzepte verwendet werden können und die tatsächlichen Aufwandszahlen eh, ce für den Heizfall bzw. ec, ce für den Kühlfall genauer als Literaturwerte bzw. projektbezogen beschreiben
All you need is sleep
(2016)
In 21st century, the century when the humanity hopes to embark on interplanetary travel, we are yet to fully reach an understanding of our very own idiosyncratic terra incognita – the human sleep. Sleep is a highly conserved evolutionary process that constitutes approximately one third of our life, and the lack or inadequate sleep may lead to impairment across multiple cognitive domains (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014; Lim and Dinges, 2010). Sleep deprivation also leads to aberrant brain functioning, immunological and metabolic collapse, and if it is sufficiently prolonged it will ultimately lead to death (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014).
The famous violin virtuoso Nicolò Paganini (born on 27 October 1782 in Genoa, died on 27 May 1840 in Nice) left us with many puzzles. An interesting aspect is his hair: In the 19th century, hair given away as a token of friendship or romantic love became very popular, and Paganini also seems to have made use of this fad. In 2009, a lock of hair, purportedly that of Paganini, kept in a locked presentation box together with a bilingual autograph inscription saying: "Alla Signora Chatterton avec les compliments de Nicolò Paganini" was bought at an auction. From this hair lock a sample was taken and was investigated morphologically by using digital light microscopy (digital microscope VHX-100, Keyence) in reflected and transmitted light with and without polarization at different magnifications up to 1:5,000. The sample was then compared with a hair sample from the possession of the Paganini family, which had been microscopically examined in 2012 by the co-author of this paper yielding numerous figures with measurement results that had been stored and could be retrieved for direct comparison. The hair sample consisted of ten strands of hair or hair fragments and was investigated with great effort for the following parameters: exogenous hair damage, especially feeding traces caused by parasites, modeling and angulation of hairs, hair thickness, medulla and pigmentation, curling and mercury load on the trace material. After evaluation of all findings not only a non-exclusion of identity can be determined, but due to the broad match of also rare findings there is no reasonable doubt about their identity. In addition, the findings suggest that the studied hair samples are in fact from Paganini's head. The present case of Nicolò Paganini's hair lock is also an excellent starting point for reflections on the probative value of trace hair investigations. This point is also critically discussed in the paper. Finally, this study shows that said lock of hair had probably really been dedicated and given to Eliza Davenport Latham (born on 25 November 1806, died on 9 January 1877), the future wife of the, at that time, best-known and most famous English harpist John Balsir Chatterton (born on 25 November 1804, died on 9 April 1871). Paganini must have met her on his concert tour 1831/32, where he had travelled to Paris, London, the rest of England, Scotland and Ireland.
Kommentar zu "Intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex" von Sharlene N. Flesher et al., veröffentlicht in Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 361, Seite 361ra141 (DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8083)
The aim of this data collection is to enforce evidence of SCS effectiveness in treating neuropathic chronic pain and the very low percentage of undesired side effects of complications reported in our case series suggests that all implants should be performed by similarly well-trained and experienced professionals.
Die Namen Cormack und Hounsfield sind für den Radiologen zu einem wichtigen Synonym für die Computertomographie (CT) geworden. Der mathematische Wegbereiter für die CT, Johann Radon, kommt in der radiologischen Diskussion und den historischen Rückblicken hingegen oft zu Unrecht zu kurz. Die folgende Kurzübersicht möchte daher dem interessierten Leser die wichtigsten historischen Eckdaten zu dem in vielerlei Hinsicht bewegenden Leben und Wirken dieses großen Mathematikers näherbringen.
This is a commentary note on the situation of functional neuroimaging in psychiatry. With this we would like to encourage psychiatrists and the journal editors of psychiatric and related journals to at least rethink the role of functional neuroimaging in this discipline and use these imaging techniques in their various aspects of clinical diagnosis and therapy regimens,respectively.
eLetter zum Artikel "How hair can reveal a history" von Hanae Armitage & Nala Rogers, veröffentlicht in Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6278, Seite 1134 (doi.org/10.1126/science.351.6278.1134)
The industry of the agave-derived bacanora, in the northern Mexican state of Sonora, has been growing substantially in recent years. However, this higher demand still lies under the influences of a variety of social, legal, cultural, ecological and economic elements. The governmental institutions of the state have tried to encourage a sustainable development and certain levels of standardization in the production of bacanora by applying different economical and legal strategies. However, a large portion of this alcoholic beverage is still produced in a traditional and rudimentary fashion. Beyond the quality of the beverage, the lack of proper control, by using adequate instrumental methods, might represent a health risk, as in several cases traditional-distilled beverages can contain elevated levels of harmful materials. The present article describes the qualitative spectral analysis of samples of the traditional-produced distilled beverage bacanora in the range from 0 cm−1 to 3500 cm−1 by using a Fourier Transform Raman spectrometer. This particular technique has not been previously explored for the analysis of bacanora, as in the case of other beverages, including tequila. The proposed instrumental arrangement for the spectral analysis has been built by combining conventional hardware parts (Michelson interferometer, photo-diodes, visible laser, etc.) and a set of self-developed evaluation algorithms. The resulting spectral information has been compared to those of pure samples of ethanol and to the spectra from different samples of the alcoholic beverage tequila. The proposed instrumental arrangement can be used the analysis of bacanora.
Electric arc furnaces (EAF) are complex industrial plants whose actual behavior depends upon numerous factors. Due to its energy intensive operation, the EAF process has always been subject to optimization efforts. For these reasons, several models have been proposed in literature to analyze and predict different modes of operation. Most of these models focused on the processes inside the vessel itself. The present paper introduces a dynamic, physics-based model of a complete EAF plant which consists of the four subsystems vessel, electric system, electrode regulation, and off-gas system. Furthermore the solid phase is not treated to be homogenous but a simple spatial discretization is employed. Hence it is possible to simulate the energy input by electric arcs and fossil fuel burners depending on the state of the melting progress. The model is implemented in object-oriented, equation-based language Modelica. The simulation results are compared to literature data.
Physics-based Modeling of the Electric Arc furnace Process using Object-Oriented Language Modelica
(2016)
Electric arc furnaces (EAF) are complex industrial plants whose actual behavior depends upon numerous factors. Due to its energy intensive operation, the EAF process has always been subject to optimization efforts. For these reasons, several models have been proposed in literature to analyze and predict different modes of operation. Most of these models focused on the processes inside the vessel itself. The present paper introduces a dynamic, physics-based model of a complete EAF plant which consists of the four subsystems vessel, electric system, electrode regulation, and off-gas system. Furthermore the solid phase is not treated to be homogenous but a simple spatial discretization is employed. Hence it is possible to simulate the energy input by electric arcs and fossil fuel burners depending on the state of the melting progress. The model is implemented in object-oriented, equation-based language Modelica. The simulation results are compared to literature data.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird beschrieben, wie bereits entworfene Zustandsregler für proportional geregelte Systeme ohne Rechentotzeit auf einfache Art und Weise für Systeme mit Reglerintegratoren bzw. mit Rechentotzeit erweitert werden können. Das Ziel ist hierbei, den Aufwand zur Ermittlung der Reglermatrix zu reduzieren. Hierbei soll die bereits vorhandene, optimierte Regelkreisdynamik so wenig wie möglich verändert werden, wodurch bei Mehrgrößensystemen hinzukommende Freiheitsgrade sinnvoll festgelegt werden. Die Betrachtungen erfolgen für lineare zeitdiskrete Systeme und werden anhand eines Beispiels aus der elektrischen Antriebstechnik veranschaulicht.
Drehzahlzustandsregelung
(2016)
Wireless sensor networks have found their way into a wide range of applications among which environmental monitoring systems have attracted increasing interests of researchers. The main challenges for the applications are scalability of the network size and energy efficiency of the spatially distributed motes. These devices are mostly battery-powered and spend most of their energy budget on the radio transceiver module. A so-called Wake-On-Radio (WOR) technology can be used to achieve a reasonable balance among power consumption, range, complexity and response time. In this paper, a novel design for integration of WOR into IEEE802.1.5.4 is presented, which flexibly allows trade-offs in energy consumption between sender and receiver station, between real-time capability and energy consumption. For identical behavior, the proposed scheme is significantly more efficient than other schemes, which were proposed in recent publications, while preserving backward compatibility with standard IEEE802.15.4 transceivers.
Mathematik Beweisaufgaben
(2016)
Das Projekt beinhaltet verschiedene wissenschaftliche Voruntersuchungen für das im Schwarzwald geplante Untergrundlabor GeoLab. Von vier Universitäten / Forschungsinstitutionen wurden vorbereitende geophysikalische, geochemische, geomechanische und geologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Zudem wurde eine Projekt-Management Plattform eingerichtet.
Zum Zeitpunkt der Erstellung dieses Berichtes ist das Projekt erwartungsgemäß nahezu abgeschlossen (offizielles Ende: 31. Dezember 2015). Die Geländearbeiten (AP1, AP4) sowie die Laborversuche (AP2, AP3) wurden nahezu vollständig durchgeführt, wobei geringe Restarbeiten in den kommenden Tagen fertig gestellt werden. An den angefallenen Untersuchungsergebnissen erfolgten erste Vorauswertungen; die Interpretation steht jedoch bis auf ein paar wenige Details an der finalen Interpretation. Die reinen theoretischen Ausarbeitungen und Modellierarbeiten sind nahezu fertig gestellt (AP4, AP5). Die Projekt-Management Plattform ist erstellt und läuft (AP6) und wird die Beendigung des Projektes unterstützen.
Ultra wide band (UWB) signals are well suited both for short-range wireless communication and for high-precision localization applications. Channel impulse response (CIR) analysis in UWB systems is a major element in localization estimation. In this paper, practical aspects of CIR are presented. I.e. a technique for the construction of the accumulated echo-gram of a multipath delayed signal is proposed. Decawave hardware was used to demonstrate the technique of analysis of fine structure of signals with a sub-nanosecond resolution. Temporal stability, reliability and two-way characteristics of such echo-grams are discussed as well. The results of using two EVK1000 radio modules as a radar installation to detect a target in indoor environments prove that a low cost UWB intrusion detection and through-the-wall-vision systems might be developed using the proposed technique.
Der Beitrag behandelt ausgewählte Themenkomplexe im Zusammenhang mit der Vorspannung von Schraubenverbindungen im Stahlbau. Es werden verschiedene Anwendungen und damit verbundene Aspekte beleuchtet und diskutiert, zum Beispiel die Schraubensicherung durch Vorspannung oder die Steifigkeit der Verbindung. Dem vorangestellt ist eine kurze Einführung in die mechanische Wirkung der Vorspannung in der Verbindung sowie eine Vorstellung der Vorspannverfahren.
A new yield function for lamellar gray cast iron materials is proposed. The new model is able to describe the results of recently performed microstructure-based finite-element computations that resolve the three dimensional yield surface of three different gray cast irons. The yield function requires only the yield stress in tension and compression of the respective material as model parameters. Furthermore, the algorithmic formulation of the new model is assessed for numerical robustness and efficiency.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden mikrostruktur- und mechanismusbasierte Werkstoffmodelle zur Beschreibung des Deformations- und Lebensdauerverhaltens von thermomechanisch beanspruchten Graugusswerkstoffen vorgestellt.
Mit den Modellen wird das zyklische Deformations- und Lebensdauerverhalten verschiedener Graugusswerkstoffe für einachsig belastete Ermüdungsproben und für die Zylinderköpfe von Dieselmotoren vorhergesagt.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have emerged as interesting topic in the research community due to its manifold applications. One of the main challenges of this field is the energy consumption of the nodes, which typically is quite restricted due to the required lifetime of such WSNs. To solve that problem several energy-saving MAC protocols have been developed so far. One of them recently presented by the authors is the so-called SmartMAC as an extension to the IEEE802.15.4 standard. In this paper, we present the implementation details of the porting of the SmartMAC protocol to the discrete event network simulator NS3. We develop this module for NS3 to simulate the performance, multi node execution, and multi node configuration. Along with this model, we also present an energy model for the evaluation of the energy consumption. The current implementation in NS3 is based on the LR-WPAN (Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks) as specified by the IEEE802.15.4 (2006) standard. The simulation results show that the SmartMAC with its sleep and wake-up mechanisms for the transceivers, is significantly more efficient than the current NS3 MAC (Medium Access Control) scheme.
In this study the dynamics and stability of thin and electrically conductive aqueous films under the influence of a time-periodic electric field are explored. With the help of analytical linear stability analysis for long wavelength disturbances, the stability threshold of the system as a function of various electrochemical parameters and transport coefficients is presented. The contributions of parameters like surface tension, disjoining pressure, electric double layer (Debye length and interfacial zeta potential), and unsteady Maxwell and viscous stresses are highlighted with the help of appropriate dimensionless groups. The physical mechanisms affecting the stability of thin films are detailed with the above-mentioned forces and parametric dependence of stability trends is discussed.
The existence of acoustic waves with displacements localized at the tip of an isotropic elastic wedge was rigorously proven by Kamotskii, Zavorokhin and Nazarov. This proof, which is based on a variational approach, is extended to rectangular anisotropic wedges. For two high-symmetry configurations of rectangular edges in elastic media with tetragonal symmetry, a criterion is derived that allows identifying the boundary between the regions of existence for wedge modes of even and odd symmetry in regions of parameter space, where even- and odd-symmetry modes do not exist simultaneously. Furthermore, rectangular edges with non-equivalent surfaces are analyzed, and it is shown that at rectangular edges of cubic elastic media with one (110) surface and one (001) surface, a tip-localized guided wave always exists, apart from special cases that are characterized.
Laser pulses focused near the tip of an elastic wedge generate acoustic waves guided at its apex. The shapes of the acoustic wedge wave pulses depend on the energy and the profile of the exciting laser pulse and on the anisotropy of the elastic medium the wedge is made of. Expressions for the acoustic pulse shapes have been derived in terms of the modal displacement fields of wedge waves for laser excitation in the thermo-elastic regime and for excitation via a pressure pulse exerted on the surface. The physical quantity considered is the local inclination of a surface of the wedge, which is measured optically by laser-probe-beam deflection. Experimental results on pulse shapes in the thermo-elastic regime are presented and confirmed by numerical calculations. They pertain to an isotropic sharp-angle wedge with two wedge-wave branches and to a non-reciprocity phenomenon at rectangular silicon edges.
In a recent paper it has been shown that the effective nonlinear constant which is used in a P-Matrix approach to describe third-order intermodulation (IMD3) in surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices can be obtained from finite element (FEM) calculations of a periodic cell using nonlinear tensor data [1]. In this paper we extend this FEM calculation and show that the IMD3 of an infinite periodic array of electrodes on a piezoelectric substrate can be directly simulated in the sagittal plane. This direct approach opens the way for a FEM based simulation of nonlinearities for finite and generalized structures avoiding the simplifications of phenomenological approaches.
In the age data digitalization, important applications of optics and photonics based sensors and technology lie in the field of biometrics and image processing. Protecting user data in a safe and secure way is an essential task in this area. However, traditional cryptographic protocols rely heavily on computer aided computation. Secure protocols which rely only on human interactions are usually simpler to understand. In many scenarios development of such protocols are also important for ease of implementation and deployment. Visual cryptography (VC) is an encryption technique on images (or text) in which decryption is done by human visual system. In this technique, an image is encrypted into number of pieces (known as shares). When the printed shares are physically superimposed together, the image can be decrypted with human vision. Modern digital watermarking technologies can be combined with VC for image copyright protection where the shares can be watermarks (small identification) embedded in the image. Similarly, VC can be used for improving security of biometric authentication. This paper presents about design and implementation of a practical laboratory experiment based on the concept of VC for a course in media engineering. Specifically, our contribution deals with integration of VC in different schemes for applications like digital watermarking and biometric authentication in the field of optics and photonics. We describe theoretical concepts and propose our infrastructure for the experiment. Finally, we will evaluate the learning outcome of the experiment, performed by the students. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Economic dispatch is a well-known optimization problem in smart grid systems which aims at minimizing the total cost of power generation among generation units while maintaining some system constraints. Recently, some distributed consensus-based approaches have been proposed to replace traditional centralized calculation. However, existing approaches fail to protect privacy of individual units like cost function parameters, generator constraints, output power levels, etc. In this paper, we show an attack against an existing consensus-based economic dispatch algorithm from [16] assuming semi-honest non-colluding adversaries. Then we propose a simple solution by combining a secure sum protocol and the consensus-based economic dispatch algorithm that guarantees data privacy under the same attacker model. Our Privacy Preserving Economic Dispatch (PPED) protocol is information-theoretically secure.