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Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with biventricular pacing is an established therapy for heart failure (HF) patients (P) with ventricular desynchronization and reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate electrical right atrial (RA), left atrial (LA), right ventricular (RV) and LV conduction delay with novel telemetric signal averaging electrocardiography (SAECG) in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) P to better select P for CRT and to improve hemodynamics in cardiac pacing.
Methods: ICD-P (n=8, age 70.8 ± 9.0 years; 2 females, 6 males) with VVI-ICD (n=4), DDD-ICD (n=3) and CRT-ICD (n=1) (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) were analysed with telemetric ECG recording by Medronic programmer 2090, ECG cable 2090AB, PCSU1000 oscilloscope with Pc-Lab2000 software (Velleman®) and novel National Intruments LabView SAECG software.
Results: Electrical RA conduction delay (RACD) was measured between onset and offset of RA deflection in the RAECG. Interatrial conduction delay (IACD) was measured between onset of RA deflection and onset of far-field LA deflection in the RAECG. Interventricular conduction delay (IVCD) was measured between onset of RV deflection in the RVECG and onset of LV deflection in the LVECG. Telemetric SAECG recording was possible in all ICD-P with a mean of 11.7 ± 4.4 SAECG heart beats, 97.6 ± 33.7 ms QRS duration, 81.5 ± 44.6 ms RACD, 62.8 ± 28.4 ms RV conduction delay, 143.7 ± 71.4 ms right cardiac AV delay, 41.5 ms LA conduction delay, 101.6 ms LV conduction delay, 176.8 ms left cardiac AV delay, 53.6 ms IACD and 93 ms IVCD.
Conclusions: Determination of RA, LA, RV and LV conduction delay, IACD, IVCD, right and left cardiac AV delay by telemetric SAECG recording using LabView SAECG technique may be useful parameters of atrial and ventricular desynchronization to improve P selection for CRT and hemodynamics in cardiac pacing.
This paper gives an overview of the implementation of an Active Noise Control system on the TMS320C6713 Digital Signal Processor from Texas Instruments in the Digital Signal Processing Lab at Hochschule Offenburg, Germany. This system is implemented considering some non-ideal environmental conditions on a real system instead of being limited to computer simulations. Changes over time on the physical acoustical path as well as reverberation and variation on the power of the reference signal can strongly degrade the performance of the system or even lead to instability. In order to try to minimize these effects, the Active Noise Control system was designed to support a fast and easy implementation and evaluation of different algorithms on the DSP in real-time. In Section 1 a brief introduction about active noise control system is given and in section 2 the basic algorithm is described. In section 3 the implementation of the system is described and in section 4 some final considerations are given.
Surface and interface acoustic waves are two-dimensionally guided waves, as their displacement field is plane-wave like regarding its dependence on the spatial coordinates parallel to the guiding plane, while it decays exponentially along the axis normal to that plane. When propagating at the planar surface or interface of homogeneous media, they are non-dispersive. Another type of non-dispersive acoustic waves which is, however, one-dimensionally guided, has displacement fields localized near the apex of a wedge made of an elastic material. In this short review, their propagation properties are described as well as theoretical and experimental methods which have been used for their analysis. Experimental findings are discussed in comparison with corresponding theoretical work and potential applications of this fascinating type of acoustic waves are presented.
Die Veränderungen in der Energieversorgung führen zu einer neuen Systemarchitektur der Stromversorgung, die nur durch einen massiven Einsatz von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) bewältigt werden kann und meist als „Smart Grid“ bezeichnet wird. Während es bereits umfangreiche Forschungsarbeiten und Demonstrationsprojekte zu einzelnen technologischen Komponenten gibt, existieren noch wenige Überlegungen, in welchen technologischen Schritten eine Migration hin zu Smart Grids durchgeführt werden sollte, die sowohl betriebstechnisch zukunftssicher ist, als auch marktgetriebene Innovationen begünstigt. Der Beitrag veranschaulicht die Herleitung solcher Migrationspfade im Rahmen eines schrittweisen Vorgehens. Zunächst werden Zukunftsszenarien für das Jahr 2030 konstruiert, um die maßgeblichen, oft auch nichttechnischen Einflussfaktoren auf das Smart Grid zu identifizieren. Darauf aufbauend werden die wesentlichen IKT-bezogenen Technologiefelder und ihre Zuordnung zu den Domänen der Energiewirtschaft beschrieben. Für jedes Technologiefeld werden die in den nächsten zwei Jahrzehnten denkbaren Entwicklungsstufen ermittelt und deren Abhängigkeit untereinander analysiert. Die gemeinsame Betrachtung von Szenarien, der Entwicklungsstufen der Technologiefelder und deren Interdependenzen führen schließlich zu einer Roadmap, welche die Migrationspfade in das Smart Grid beschreiben. Es lassen sich drei Entwicklungsphasen erkennen: Die Konzeptionsphase, die Integrationsphase und die Fusionsphase. Die präsentierten Ergebnisse entstammen dem Projekt „Future Energy Grid – Migrationspfade ins Internet“, welches vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie im Rahmen des E-Energy-Programms (Förderkennzeichen 01ME10012A und 01ME10013) gefördert wurde.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy with biventricular pacing is an established therapy for heart failure patients with electrical left ventricular desynchronization. The aim of this study was to evaluate left atrial conduction delay, intra left atrial conduction delay, left ventricular conduction delay and intra left ventricular conduction delay in heart failure patients using novel signal averaging transesophageal left heart ECG software.
Methods: 8 heart failure patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), age 68 ± 9 years, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 2.9 ± 0.2, 24.8 ± 6.7 % left ventricular ejection fraction, 188.8 ± 15.5 ms QRS duration and 8 heart failure patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), age 67 ± 8 years, NYHA class 2.9 ± 0.3, 32.5 ± 7.4 % left ventricular ejection fraction and 167.6 ± 19.4 ms QRS duration were analysed with transesophageal and transthoracic ECG by Bard LabDuo EP system and novel National Intruments LabView signal averaging ECG software.
Results: The electrical left atrial conduction delay was 71.3 ± 17.6 ms in ICM versus 72.3 ± 12.4 ms in DCM, intra left atrial conduction delay 66.8 ± 8.6 ms in ICM versus 63.4 ± 10.9 ms in DCM and left cardiac AV delay 180.5 ± 32.6 ms in ICM versus 152.4 ± 30.4 ms in DCM. The electrical left ventricular conduction delay was 40.9 ± 7.5 ms in ICM versus 42.6 ± 17 ms in DCM and intra left ventricular conduction delay 105.6 ± 19.3 ms in ICM versus 128.3 ± 24.1 ms in DCM.
Conclusions: Left heart signal averaging ECG can be utilized to analyse left atrial conduction delay, intra left atrial conduction delay, left ventricular conduction delay and intra left ventricular conduction delay to improve patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Die hohen Anforderungen vor allem an Drehmoment übertragende und mehrfachgekerbte Profilwellen im konstruktiven Umfeld moderner Maschinen zwingen uns, der Frage der Kerbwirkungen sowie Maßnahmen zu deren Milderung erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit zu widmen. Während die Kerbwirkung der geometrischen Einzelkerben bereits recht eingehend erforscht ist, liegen wesentlich komplexere Verhältnisse bei Mehrfachkerben vor, die durch die gegenseitige Beeinflussung mehrerer benachbarter Kerben entstehen. Der hier vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt erste Untersuchungsergebnisse mit der Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM) zur gegenseitigen Wechselwirkung zweier Kerbformen "Sicherungsringnut und Zahnfußrundung" bei Zahnwellen mit Evolventenflanken nach DIN 5480. Diese Kerbkombination tritt in der Praxis häufig auf. Entsprechende Formzahldiagramme und Gestaltungshinweise werden angegeben und Näherungsformeln für die genauere Formzahlbestimmung je nach Belastungsart aufgestellt.