Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Part of a Book (8)
- Conference Proceeding (7)
- Article (unreviewed) (7)
- Book (6)
- Patent (4)
- Article (reviewed) (1)
Conference Type
- Konferenzartikel (7)
Has Fulltext
- no (33)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (33)
Keywords
- Steuerrecht (5)
- Internationales Steuerrecht (4)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (3)
- Algorithmus (2)
- Fallsammlung (2)
- Spektroskopie (2)
- Aircraft (1)
- Arbeitsrecht (1)
- Arbeitszeugnis (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- Ausland (1)
- Außensteuerrecht (1)
- Computersysteme (1)
- Couplings (1)
- DVB-T (1)
- Datenerfassung (1)
- Diesel-Ethanol-Mischkraftstoff (1)
- Digitalsignal (1)
- Einkommensteuer (1)
- Ethanol (1)
- FT-Raman spectroscopy (1)
- FT-Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Funktechnik (1)
- HeNe laser (1)
- In-flight entertainment (1)
- Klassifikation (1)
- Kraftstoff (1)
- Modulation (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Optical metrology (1)
- Produktion (1)
- Qualität (1)
- Qualitätssicherung (1)
- Quantität (1)
- Rails (1)
- Segmentierung (1)
- Sicherheit (1)
- Spektralanalyse (1)
- Spektrum (1)
- Spektrum-Monitoring (1)
- Steuer (1)
- Transceivers (1)
- Umwandlungssteuerrecht (1)
- Vergleich (1)
- Wertpapier (1)
- cyclohexane (1)
- fourier-Transformation (1)
- guided waves (1)
- kanal (1)
- toluene (1)
- wireless comunication (1)
- Überwachung (1)
Institute
Open Access
- Closed Access (10)
- Closed (5)
- Open Access (2)
- Bronze (1)
The invention concerns a method for spectrum monitoring a given frequency band, in which the spectral power density (S(f)) within the given frequency band is determined for all noise and signal components in the frequency band and, in order to detect the presence of one or more signals within the given frequency band, it is evaluated whether the spectral power density (S(f)) exceeds a threshold value (&lgr;). According to the invention, the threshold value (&lgr;) is calculated in accordance with an estimation of a distribution density (hR(S)) for the noise component of the spectral power density (S(f)) within the given frequency band and in accordance with a predefined value for the false-alarm probability (Pfa).
Monitoring of the molecular structure of lubricant oil using a FT-Raman spectrometer prototype
(2014)
The determination of the physical state of the lubricant materials in complex mechanical systems is highly critical from different points of view: operative, economical, environmental, etc. Furthermore, there are several parameters that a lubricant oil must meet for a proper performance inside a machine. The monitoring of these lubricants can represent a serious issue depending on the analytical approach applied. The molecular change of aging lubricant oils have been analyzed using an all-standard-components and self-designed FT-Raman spectrometer. This analytical tool allows the direct and clean study of the vibrational changes in the molecular structure of the oils without having direct contact with the samples and without extracting the sample from the machine in operation. The FT-Raman spectrometer prototype used in the analysis of the oil samples consist of a Michelson interferometer and a self-designed photon counter cooled down on a Peltier element arrangement. The light coupling has been accomplished by using a conventional 62.5/125μm multi-mode fiber coupler. The FT-Raman arrangement has been able to extract high resolution and frequency precise Raman spectra, comparable to those obtained with commercial FT-Raman systems, from the lubricant oil samples analyzed. The spectral information has helped to determine certain molecular changes in the initial phases of wearing of the oil samples. The proposed instrument prototype has no additional complex hardware components or costly software modules. The mechanical and thermal irregularities influencing the FT-Raman spectrometer have been removed mathematically by accurately evaluating the optical path difference of the Michelson interferometer. This has been achieved by producing an additional interference pattern signal with a λ= 632.8 nm helium-neon laser, which differs from the conventional zero-crossing sampling (also known as Connes advantage) commonly used by FT-devices. It enables the FT-Raman system to perform reliable and clean spectral measurements from the analyzed oil samples.
Das Standardlehrbuch zum internationalen Steuerrecht
Kenntnisse im internationalen Steuerrecht werden in der steuerlichen Ausbildung immer wichtiger. Mit dem „Wilke“ sichern Sie sich einen umfassenden und fundierten Einstieg in diese komplexe Materie. Leicht verständlich und anschaulich vermittelt dieses Standardlehrbuch Ihnen alle relevanten Grundlagen des internationalen Steuerrechts.
Der Aufbau des Buchs orientiert sich dabei sowohl an den Bedürfnissen der Ausbildung als auch denen der Praxis. Als idealer Begleiter unterstützt es Sie in jeder Phase Ihrer beruflichen Entwicklung – von den ersten Schritten in der Steuerberater-Ausbildung bis hin zur erfolgreich abgeschlossenen Weiterbildung zum Fachberater für Internationales Steuerrecht.
Die 15. Auflage berücksichtigt die Entwicklung auf dem Gebiet des internationalen Steuerrechts in Gesetzgebung, Rechtsprechung, Literatur und Verwaltung bis Ende März 2020.
Rechtsstand: 1.4.2020
The combination of fossil-derived fuels with ethanol and methanol has acquired relevance and attention in several countries in recent years. This trend is strongly affected by market prices, constant geopolitical events, new sustainability policies, new laws and regulations, etc. Besides bio-fuels these materials also include different additives as anti-shock agents and as octane enhancer. Some of the chemical compounds in these additives may have harmful properties for both environment and public health (besides the inherent properties, like volatility). We present detailed Raman spectral information from toluene (C7H8) and ethanol (C2H6O) contained in samples of ElO gasoline-ethanol blends. The spectral information has been extracted by using a robust, high resolution Fourier-Transform Raman spectrometer (FT-Raman) prototype. This spectral information has been also compared with Raman spectra from pure additives and with standard Raman lines in order to validate its accuracy in frequency. The spectral information is presented in the range of 0 cm-1 to 3500 cm-1 with a resolution of 1.66cm-1. This allows resolving tight adjacent Raman lines like the ones observed around 1003cm-1 and 1030cm-1 (characteristic lines of toluene). The Raman spectra obtained show a reduced frequency deviation when compared to standard Raman spectra from different calibration materials. The FT-Raman spectrometer prototype used for the analysis consist basically of a Michelson interferometer and a self-designed photon counter cooled down on a Peltier element arrangement. The light coupling is achieved with conventional62.5/125μm multi-mode fibers. This FT-Raman setup is able to extract high resolution and frequency precise Raman spectra from the additives in the fuels analyzed. The proposed prototype has no additional complex hardware components or costly software modules. The mechanical and thermal disturbances affecting the FT-Raman system are mathematically compensated by accurately extracting the optical path information of the Michelson interferometer. This is accomplished by generating an additional interference pattern with a λ = 632.8 nm Helium-Neon laser (HeNe laser). It enables the FT-Raman system to perform reliable and clean spectral measurements from the materials under observation.