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Monitoring of the molecular structure of lubricant oil using a FT-Raman spectrometer prototype
(2014)
The determination of the physical state of the lubricant materials in complex mechanical systems is highly critical from different points of view: operative, economical, environmental, etc. Furthermore, there are several parameters that a lubricant oil must meet for a proper performance inside a machine. The monitoring of these lubricants can represent a serious issue depending on the analytical approach applied. The molecular change of aging lubricant oils have been analyzed using an all-standard-components and self-designed FT-Raman spectrometer. This analytical tool allows the direct and clean study of the vibrational changes in the molecular structure of the oils without having direct contact with the samples and without extracting the sample from the machine in operation. The FT-Raman spectrometer prototype used in the analysis of the oil samples consist of a Michelson interferometer and a self-designed photon counter cooled down on a Peltier element arrangement. The light coupling has been accomplished by using a conventional 62.5/125μm multi-mode fiber coupler. The FT-Raman arrangement has been able to extract high resolution and frequency precise Raman spectra, comparable to those obtained with commercial FT-Raman systems, from the lubricant oil samples analyzed. The spectral information has helped to determine certain molecular changes in the initial phases of wearing of the oil samples. The proposed instrument prototype has no additional complex hardware components or costly software modules. The mechanical and thermal irregularities influencing the FT-Raman spectrometer have been removed mathematically by accurately evaluating the optical path difference of the Michelson interferometer. This has been achieved by producing an additional interference pattern signal with a λ= 632.8 nm helium-neon laser, which differs from the conventional zero-crossing sampling (also known as Connes advantage) commonly used by FT-devices. It enables the FT-Raman system to perform reliable and clean spectral measurements from the analyzed oil samples.
The combination of fossil-derived fuels with ethanol and methanol has acquired relevance and attention in several countries in recent years. This trend is strongly affected by market prices, constant geopolitical events, new sustainability policies, new laws and regulations, etc. Besides bio-fuels these materials also include different additives as anti-shock agents and as octane enhancer. Some of the chemical compounds in these additives may have harmful properties for both environment and public health (besides the inherent properties, like volatility). We present detailed Raman spectral information from toluene (C7H8) and ethanol (C2H6O) contained in samples of ElO gasoline-ethanol blends. The spectral information has been extracted by using a robust, high resolution Fourier-Transform Raman spectrometer (FT-Raman) prototype. This spectral information has been also compared with Raman spectra from pure additives and with standard Raman lines in order to validate its accuracy in frequency. The spectral information is presented in the range of 0 cm-1 to 3500 cm-1 with a resolution of 1.66cm-1. This allows resolving tight adjacent Raman lines like the ones observed around 1003cm-1 and 1030cm-1 (characteristic lines of toluene). The Raman spectra obtained show a reduced frequency deviation when compared to standard Raman spectra from different calibration materials. The FT-Raman spectrometer prototype used for the analysis consist basically of a Michelson interferometer and a self-designed photon counter cooled down on a Peltier element arrangement. The light coupling is achieved with conventional62.5/125μm multi-mode fibers. This FT-Raman setup is able to extract high resolution and frequency precise Raman spectra from the additives in the fuels analyzed. The proposed prototype has no additional complex hardware components or costly software modules. The mechanical and thermal disturbances affecting the FT-Raman system are mathematically compensated by accurately extracting the optical path information of the Michelson interferometer. This is accomplished by generating an additional interference pattern with a λ = 632.8 nm Helium-Neon laser (HeNe laser). It enables the FT-Raman system to perform reliable and clean spectral measurements from the materials under observation.
La industria del bacanora en Sonora, México, enfrenta la influencia de una compleja red de factores culturales, tecnológicos, económicos y legales que inhiben su desarrollo. Ello ocurre pese al esfuerzo institucional por radicar un marco normativo que elimine la práctica de los métodos informales de elaboración que derivan en calidades heterogéneas de licor. El conseguirlo se complica ante la dificultad que enfrentan los actores de esta industria para implementar prácticas efectivas de verificación de las normas vigentes en los confines de la geografía de la Denominación de Origen. En este documento se describe el uso de un prototipo de espectrómetro Raman por transformada de Fourier para analizar cualitativamente muestras desconocidas de bacanora. Este dispositivo se construyó con el uso de un interferómetro Michelson convencional, un contador de fotones de diseño propio y un foto-detector de referencia. Los resultados del trabajo confirman que dada su naturaleza de diseño y construcción, este instrumento de medición y su efectiva técnica de operación a bajo costo, constituye una alternativa viable, adaptable fácilmente a las necesidades de los actores productivos e institucionales, para asistirlos en la elaboración de bacanora y a la verificación de su calidad conforme a los criterios de la normatividad.
The Raman spectra from the chemical compounds toluene and cyclohexane obtained using a Fourier Transform (FT)-Raman spectrometer prototype have been contrasted with the Raman spectra of these same materials collected with two different commercial FT-Raman devices. The FT-Raman spectrometer consist of a Michelson interferometer, a self-designed photon counter and a reference photo-detector. The evaluation methodology of the spectral information, contrary to the commercial devices that commonly use the zero-crossing method, is carried out by re-sampling the Raman scattering and by accurately extracting the optical path information of the Michelson interferometer. The FTRaman arrangement has been built using conventional parts without disregarding the spectral frequency precision that usually such a FTRaman instruments deliver. No additional complex hardware components or costly software modules have been included in this FT-Raman device. The main Raman lines from the spectra obtained with the three FT-Raman devices have been compared with the Raman lines from the standard Raman spectra of these two materials. The values obtained using the FT-Raman spectrometer prototype have shown a frequency accuracy comparable to that obtained with the commercial devices without facing the need for a large investment. Although the proposed FT-Raman prototype cannot be directly compared to the last generation of FT-Raman spectrometers from the commercial manufacturers, such a device could give an opportunity to users that require high frequency precision in their spectral analysis and are provided with rather scarce resources.
Im Leistungssport können Verletzungen den weiteren Karriereverlauf einer Athletin stark beeinflussen. Eine umso größere Rolle spielt daher der Rehabilitationsprozess. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den Kraftfähigkeiten des M. triceps surae nach einer Achillessehnenrekonstruktion im Bereich des Leistungsturnens. Die Quantifizierung der Kraftfähigkeiten erfolgt mit Hilfe von isokinetischen Krafttests. Dazu werden auf beiden Seiten einmal wöchentlich 2 x 3 Wiederholungen bei einer Testgeschwindigkeit von 30 deg/s durchgeführt. Die Messungen überspannen einen Zeitraum von 10 Wochen und beginnen 6 Monate postoperativ. Die Datenauswertung erfolgt mit MATLAB. Auf der unverletzten Seite werden keine oder nur geringfügige Änderungen in den Kraftfähigkeiten erwartet. Auf der verletzten Seite hingegen wird ein deutlicher Anstieg in den Kraftfähigkeiten erwartet. Die Kraftfähigkeiten werden über das maximale Drehmoment, den Drehmomentkraftstoß und die Kraftanstiegsrate (rate of force development = RFD) festgestellt. Werden die Messwerte aus der ersten und der letzten Messung verglichen, zeigen die Ergebnisse ein anderes Bild auf. Die Messwerte für die unbetroffenen Seite steigen um 17,1 % für das Drehmoment, um 17,2 % für den Drehmomentkraftstoß und um 20,4 % für die RFD. Auf der betroffenen Seite steigen die Werte respektive um 19,1 %, 15,2 % und 59,3 %. Es liegt also lediglich für die RFD ein deutlicher Anstieg im Vergleich zur unbetroffenen Seite vor. Ein anderes Ergebnis zeigt sich, wenn die Messwerte der ersten und der vorletzten Messung verglichen werden. Die Werte der unverletzten Seite steigen um 19,2 %, 19,6 % und 35,4 %. Auf der verletzten Seite hingegen, ist eine Steigerung von 32,6 %, 31,7 % und 102,2 % zu sehen. Somit liegt ein deutlicher Anstieg in dem Kraftfähigkeiten der verletzten Seite, auch in Bezug unverletzte Seite, vor. Ob es sich bei der letzten Messung um einen Ausreißer auf der betroffenen Seite handelt, lässt sich durch fehlende Folgemessungen nicht bestimmen.
Für eine fundiertere Aussage sollte ein längerer Zeitraum betrachtet werden. Aufgrund der zeitlichen Begrenzung für die Erstellung dieser Arbeit ist das leider nicht möglich.