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In a randomized controlled cross-over study ten male runners (26.7 ± 4.9 years; recent 5-km time: 18:37 ± 1:07 min:s) performed an incremental treadmill test (ITT) and a 3-km time trial (3-km TT) on a treadmill while wearing either carbon fiber insoles with downwards curvature or insoles made of butyl rubber (control condition) in light road racing shoes (Saucony Fastwitch 9). Oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, stride frequency, stride length and time to exhaustion were assessed during ITT. After ITT, all runners rated their perceived exertion, perceived shoe comfort and perceived shoe performance. Running time, heart rate, blood lactate levels, stride frequency and stride length were recorded during, and shoe comfort and shoe performance after, the 3-km TT. All parameters obtained during or after the ITT did not differ between the two conditions [range: p = 0.188 to 0.948 (alpha value: 0.05); Cohen's d = 0.021 to 0.479] despite the rating of shoe comfort showing better scores for the control insoles (p = 0.001; d = −1.646). All parameters during and after the 3-km TT showed no differences (p = 0.200 to 1.000; d = 0.000 to 0.501) between both conditions except for shoe comfort showing better scores for control insoles (p = 0.017; d = −0.919). Running with carbon fiber insoles with downwards curvature did not change running performance or any submaximal or maximal physiological or biomechanical parameter and perceived exertion compared to control condition. Shoe comfort is impaired while running with carbon fiber insoles. Wearing carbon fiber insoles with downwards curvature during treadmill running is not beneficial when compared to running with control insoles.
Batteries typically consist of multiple individual cells connected in series. Here we demonstrate single-cell state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) diagnosis in a 24 V class lithium-ion battery. To this goal, we introduce and apply a novel, highly efficient algorithm based on a voltage-controlled model (VCM). The battery, consisting of eight single cells, is cycled over a duration of five months under a simple cycling protocol between 20 % and 100 % SOC. The cell-to-cell standard deviations obtained with the novel algorithm were 1.25 SOC-% and 1.07 SOH-% at beginning of cycling. A cell-averaged capacity loss of 9.9 % after five months cycling was observed. While the accuracy of single-cell SOC estimation was limited (probably owed to the flat voltage characteristics of the lithium iron phosphate, LFP, chemistry investigated here), single-cell SOH estimation showed a high accuracy (2.09 SOH-% mean absolute error compared to laboratory reference tests). Because the algorithm does not require observers, filters, or neural networks, it is computationally very efficient (three seconds analysis time for the complete data set consisting of eight cells with approx. 780.000 measurement points per cell).
Decarbonisation Strategies in Energy Systems Modelling: APV and e-tractors as Flexibility Assets
(2023)
This work presents an analysis of the impact of introducing Agrophotovoltaic technologies and electric tractors into Germany’s energy system. Agrophotovoltaics involves installing photovoltaic systems in agricultural areas, allowing for dual usage of the land for both energy generation and food production. Electric tractors, which are agricultural machinery powered by electric motors, can also function as energy storage units, providing flexibility to the grid. The analysis includes a sensitivity study to understand how the availability of agricultural land influences Agrophotovoltaic investments, followed by the examination of various scenarios that involve converting diesel tractors to electric tractors. These scenarios are based on the current CO2 emission reduction targets set by the German Government, aiming for a 65% reduction below 1990 levels by 2030 and achieving zero emissions by 2045. The results indicate that approximately 3% of available agricultural land is necessary to establish a viable energy mix in Germany. Furthermore, the expansion of electric tractors tends to reduce the overall system costs and enhances the energy-cost-efficiency of Agrophotovoltaic investments.
A wet-chemical treatment system for electrochemically coating flat substrates with coating material, has having a basin for receiving an electrolyte, a transporting means, by means of which the flat substrates can be transported through the electrolyte horizontally, and at least one contact element which comprises a shaft having an axis of rotation and a cylindrical circumferential surface suitable for rolling on the substrate, wherein the circumferential surface comprises at least one electrically insulated segment and at least one electrically conductive segment which can be connected to a current source in such a way that the polarity can be reversed, wherein the axis of rotation of the contact element is positioned above the surface of the electrolyte, and wherein the contact element is designed as a consumable electrode.
본 발명은 기판들을 금속화하기 위한 디바이스에 관한 것이다. 특별히, 본 발명은 습식-화학물질 연속 (인-라인) 처리 시스템 환경에서 솔라 셀들을 전기도금하기 위해 사용되는 컨택 엘리먼트(contact element)들의 분야에 관한 것이다. 코팅 재료로 평평한 기판들(1)들을 전기화학적으로 코팅하기 위한 본 발명에 따른 습식-화학물질 처리 시스템은 전해질 용액, 이송 수단들 - 이송 수단들을 이용하여 평평한 기판(1)이 전해질 용액을 통과하여 수평으로 이송될 수 있는 - 을 수용하는 용기(basin), 및 회전축(5)을 갖는 샤프트(4) 및 기판(1) 위에서 구르기에 적합한 원통형의 원주 표면을 포함하는 적어도 하나의 컨택 엘리먼트(2)를 가지며, 원주 표면은 극성이 역전될 수 있는 방식으로 전류 소스 (6)에 연결될 수 있는 적어도 하나의 전기적으로 전도성인 세그먼트 (3A) 및 적어도 하나의 전기적으로 절연된 세그먼트 (3B)를 포함하고, 컨택 엘리먼트 (2)의 회전축 (5)은 전해질 용액의 표면 위에 위치되고, 컨택 엘리먼트 (2)는 소모 전극(consumable electrode)으로 디자인된다.
The invention relates to a device for metalising substrates. In particular, the invention relates to the field of contact elements used to electroplate solar cells within the context of a wet-chemical continuous treatment system. A wet-chemical treatment system according to the invention, for electrochemically coating flat substrates (1) with coating material, has a tank for accommodating an electrolyte, transporting means, by means of which the flat substrates (1) can be transported through the electrolyte horizontally, and at least one contact element (2), which comprises a shaft (4) having an axis of rotation (5) and a cylindrical circumferential surface suitable for rolling on the substrate (1), wherein the circumferential surface comprises at least one electrically insulating segment (3B) and at least one electrically conductive segment (3A), which can be connected to a current source (6) in such a way that the polarity can be reversed, wherein the axis of rotation (5) of the contact element (2) is positioned above the surface of the electrolyte, and wherein the contact element (2) is designed as a consumable electrode.
Nasschemische Behandlungsanlage zum elektrochemischen Beschichten von flachen Substraten (1) mit Beschichtungsmaterial, mit einem Becken zur Aufnahme eines Elektrolyten, und mit Transportmitteln, mit welchen die flachen Substrate (1) horizontal durch den Elektrolyten transportierbar sind, sowie mit mindestens einem Kontaktelement (2), welches eine Welle (4) mit Drehachse (5) und eine zum Abrollen auf dem Substrat (1) geeignete zylindrische Umfangsfläche aufweist, wobei die Umfangsfläche mindestens ein elektrisch isoliertes Segment (3B) und mindestens ein elektrisch leitendes Segment (3A) umfasst, das mit einer Stromquelle (6) umpolbar verbindbar ist, wobei die Drehachse (5) des Kontaktelements (2) oberhalb der Oberfläche des Elektrolyten positioniert ist, und wobei das Kontaktelement (2) als Verbrauchselektrode ausgestaltet ist.
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zum Metallisieren von Substraten. Insbesondere betrifft die Erfindung das Gebiet der zur Galvanisierung von Solarzellen verwendeten Kontaktelemente im Rahmen einer nasschemischen Durchlauf-Behandlungsanlage. Eine erfindungsgemäße nasschemische Behandlungsanlage zum elektrochemischen Beschichten von flachen Substraten (1) mit Beschichtungsmaterial hat ein Becken zur Aufnahme eines Elektrolyten, sowie Transportmittel, mit welchen die flachen Substrate (1) horizontal durch den Elektrolyten transportierbar sind, und mindestens ein Kontaktelement (2), welches eine Welle (4) mit Drehachse (5) und eine zum Abrollen auf dem Substrat (1) geeignete zylindrische Umfangsfläche aufweist, wobei die Umfangsfläche mindestens ein elektrisch isoliertes Segment (3B) und mindestens ein elektrisch leitendes Segment (3A) umfasst, das mit einer Stromquelle (6) umpolbar verbindbar ist, wobei die Drehachse (5) des Kontaktelements (2) oberhalb der Oberfläche des Elektrolyten positioniert ist.
Die Erfindung betrifft das Gebiet des Transports flacher Substrate wie beispielsweise Siliziumsubstrate. Insbesondere betrifft die Erfindung den besonders schonenden und kontinuierlichen Transport solcher Substrate. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren dient dem Transport eines vertikal ausgerichteten flachen Substrats (1) in eine Transportrichtung innerhalb eines mit einem flüssigen Medium (F) gefüllten Transportkanals (2), wobei das flüssige Medium (F) gegen mindestens eine der Flachseiten des Substrats (1) strömt und eine die Summe aus Gewichts- und Auftriebskraft des Substrats (1) aufhebende Tragekomponente, sowie eine in Transportrichtung gerichtete Vorschubkomponente aufweist, so dass das Substrat (1) ohne mechanische Hilfsmittel getragen und transportiert wird. Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung umfasst einen Transportkanal (2) zur Aufnahme eines flüssiges Mediums (F) sowie eines innerhalb dieses Mediums (F) in vertikaler Ausrichtung zu führenden Substrats (1), wobei der Transportkanal (2) in seinem Wandbereich (3, 4) Einströmöffnungen (5) aufweist.
Die Erfindung betrifft das Gebiet des Transports flacher Substrate wie beispielsweise Siliziumsubstrate. Insbesondere betrifft die Erfindung den besonders schonenden und kontinuierlichen Transport solcher Substrate. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren dient dem Transport eines vertikal ausgerichteten flachen Substrats (1) in eine Transportrichtung innerhalb eines mit einem flüssigen Medium (F) gefüllten Transportkanals (2), wobei das flüssige Medium (F) gegen mindestens eine der Flachseiten des Substrats (1) strömt und eine die Summe aus Gewichts- und Auftriebskraft des Substrats (1) aufhebende Tragekomponente, sowie eine in Transportrichtung gerichtete Vorschubkomponente aufweist, so dass das Substrat (1) ohne mechanische Hilfsmittel getragen und transportiert wird. Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung umfasst einen Transportkanal (2) zur Aufnahme eines flüssiges Mediums (F) sowie eines innerhalb dieses Mediums (F) in vertikaler Ausrichtung zu führenden Substrats (1), wobei der Transportkanal (2) in seinem Wandbereich (3, 4) Einströmöffnungen (5) aufweist.